Warner Bros Essay Research Paper The Warner free essay sample

Warner Bros. Essay, Research Paper The Warner household immigrated from Poland to Baltimore in 1883 and for several old ages traveled around the United States and Canada before eventually settling in Youngstown, Ohio. Of the 12 kids, Harry was born in Poland in 1881 ; Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario, in 1892. In 1903 the household purchased the 90-seat Cascade Theatre, a jukebox in Newcastle, Pennsylvania ( where Jack American ginseng for the audience during intermissions ) . By 1905, Jack, Harry, and brothers Albert and Sam were besides in movie distribution, and started movie exchanges in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Compelled to sell out to the Patents Company non long after, they resumed working in exhibition and by 1913 were bring forthing movies with Warner Features. By 1917 they had a hit with the wartime biopic My Four Old ages In Germany, based on Ambassador James W. Gerard s book, and in 1923 they incorporated a company and started a Hollywood-based studio called Warner Bros. We will write a custom essay sample on Warner Bros Essay Research Paper The Warner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harry, the president, and Albert, the financial officer, managed the New York central office, while Sam, the main executive, and Jack, production head, ran the California studio. They released over a twelve movies that twelvemonth, and shortly had their first large star: a German shepherd called Rin Tin Tin. Darryl F. Zanuck was skilled at scripting these popular escapade movies, and wrote such Rin Tin Tin hits as Find Your Man ( 1924 ) and The Lighthouse By The Sea ( 1925 ) . He was besides expert at comedy and play, and among his many 20s composing credits are slapstick comedies starring Charlie Chaplin s brother Sydney, including the 1926 hits Oh! What A Nurse! and The Better Ole. Warners besides had John Barrymore under contract and had starred him in Beau Brummel ( 1924 ) and the Moby-Dick version The Sea Beast ( 1926 ) . German manager Ernst Lubitsch signed a five-picture trade with Charles dudley warners in 1924, and made such memorable comedies as The Marriage Circle ( 192 4 ) , Lady Windermere s Fan ( 1925 ) , and So This Is Paris ( 1926 ) . In 1925 the studio acquired the production company Vitagraph along with its web of exchanges. The undermentioned twelvemonth Charles dudley warners teamed with Western Electric to organize a subordinate called Vitaphone, which developed a system of prerecorded sound played on phonograph record, to attach to soundless movies. They tested this technique for adding music and sound effects in some musical trunkss every bit good as their famed escapade characteristic, Don Juan ( 1926 ) with John Barrymore. Sam Warner, who helped contrive this sound procedure, died in 1927, the twenty-four hours before the studio released the first characteristic with synchronised vocals and duologue: The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson. The movie s dramatic success, and the revolution in speaking films that followed, made Warner Bros. one of Hollywood s most powerful movie studios. Charles dudley warners had besides been purchasing up theatres in the 1920s, which gave them control of the market for first-run releases ; by the begining of the thirtiess they were one of the five large incorporate major studios, along with Fox, MGM, Paramount, and RKO. In 1928 Charles dudley warners released the first all-talking movie, the hit mobster film The Lights Of New York, a two-reeler that they had expanded into an hour-long characteristic. Zanuck was appointed studio director that same twelvemonth, and shortly thenceforth became caput of production. Charles dudley warners so farther expanded by purchasing out First National Pictures # 8212 ; and harvesting their huge distribution system and immense studio installation in Burbank. Zanuck stayed at Warners until 1933, when he left to organize his twentieth Century company ( subsequently to unify with Fox as 20th Century-Fox ) ; but during the early 30s he supervised many of the movies that launched extremely profitable genres for Warners. The studio s illustriousness at doing tough mobster films began with the Zanuck productions Little Caesar ( 1930 ) , directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Edward G. Robinson, and The Public Enemy ( 1930 ) , directed by William A. Wellman and starring James Cagney. Warners celebrity in social-protest play started with Zanuck s Five Star Final ( 1931 ) and I Am A Fugitive From A Chain Gang ( 1932 ) , both directed by LeRoy. Zanuck besides supervised Disraeli ( 1929 ) , starring George Arliss, which began Warner s successful rhythm of historical biopics, and the authoritative musical 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , starring Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler and choreographed by Busby Berkeley. The offense or gangster image became about a Charles dudley warners signature in the 30s, thanks to stars Robinson ( The Hatchet Man, 1932 ) , Cagney ( Lady Killer, 1933 ) , and, by the mid 1930s, Humphrey Bogart ( The Petrified Forest, 1936 ; Dead End, 1937 ) . As Robinson and Cagney became large stars, their parts became more sympathetic, even in offense movies # 8212 ; with Bogart as the bad bad-guy, acquiring his balls from Robinson in Bullets Or Ballots ( 1936 ) and The Amazing Doctor Clitterhouse ( 1938 ) , or from Cagney in Angels With Dirty Faces ( 1939 ) and The Roaring Twenties ( 1939 ) . Warners grittiness besides paid off in acute societal play, most notably Wellman s Wild Boys Of The Road ( 1933 ) and LeRoy s They Wo nt Forget ( 1937 ) , and in several hard-bitten prison movies, including 20,000 Old ages In Singing Sing ( 1933 ) and San Quentin ( 1937 ) . Historical lifes worked good with Arliss ( Alexander Hamilton, 1931 ; Voltaire, 1933 ) , until he moved on to work at Fox in 1934. The studio kept up its committedness to the genre with manager William Dieterle and histrion Paul Muni: The Story Of Louis Pasteur ( 1935 ) , The Life Of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) , Juarez ( 1939 ) . The 30s besides saw legion musicals from Warners, most notably those choreographed by Berkeley: Gold Diggers Of 1933 ( 1933 ) , Foot light Parade ( 1933 ) , Dames ( 1934 ) , and Gold Diggers Of 1935 ( 1935, which he besides directed ) . Feeling the pinch in the Depression, the studio was careful to conserve in its wages and agendas. Yet its roll of endowment and scope of production expanded over the 30s. Bette Davis became a major star in a series of popular romantic play, including Dangerous ( 1935 ) , That Certain Woman ( 1937 ) , Jezebel ( 1938 ) , Dark Victory ( 1939 ) , and The Old Maid ( 1939 ) . Errol Flynn was embraced by the populace in his bestiring actioners directed by Michael Curtiz: Captain Blood ( 1935 ) , The Charge Of The Light Brigade ( 1936 ) , and The Adventures Of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) . The studio could besides tout a tight brace of horror movies directed by Curtiz, The Mystery Of The Wax Museum ( 1933 ) and The Walking Dead ( 1936 ) ; a fashionable Shakespeare version directed by Dieterle and Max Reinhardt, A Midsumer Night s Dream ( 1935 ) ; manager Howard Hawks play of rival mail pilots, C eiling Zero ( 1936 ) ; and the espionage play Confessions Of A Nazi Spy ( 1939 ) . The 40s brought alterations to Warners intervention of genres. Social play faded with the Depression. The historical biopic trend ended with Dieterle directing Robinson in two 1940 movies, Dr. Ehrlich s Magic Bullet and A Dispatch From Reuters. Crime films were eclipsed by the force of World War Two ; the studio s mobster rhythm besides peaked that twelvemonth with manager Raoul Walsh s High Sierra, in which Humphrey Bogart became a star playing a sympathetic mobster. After the war, the genre had its last hooray at Charles dudley warners with two authoritative public presentations: Robinson in Key Largo ( 1948 ) , directed by John Huston, and Cagney in White Heat ( 1949 ) , directed by Walsh. The war attempt besides transformed Warners musicals, which now tended to be star-filled flagwavers: Thank Your Lucky Stars ( 1943 ) , This Is The Army ( 1943 ) , Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) . Even the studio s biopic of George M. Cohan, the authoritative Yankee Doodle Dandy ( 1942 ) starring James Cagney, was portion of the good battle. Bette Davis became an even more formidable star at Warners in the 40s, demanding better functions and acquiring them: The Letter ( 1940 ) , In This Our Life ( 1942 ) , Now, Voyager ( 1942 ) , Old Acquaintance ( 1943 ) , Watch On The Rhine ( 1943 ) , The Corn Is Green ( 1945 ) , Deception ( 1946 ) , and Beyond The Forest ( 1949 ) , her last movie under contract at Warners. Joan Crawford left MGM and signed with Warners, where she d do her finest three-hankie play: Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , Humoresque ( 1946 ) , Possessed ( 1947 ) , Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) . After his daredevil The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ) , Errol Flynn kept busy in the 40s with Westerns ( Virginia City, 1940 ; They Died With Their Boots On, 1941 ; San Antonio, 1945 ; Silver River, 1948 ) and war movies ( Dive Bomber, 1941 ; Desperate Journey, 1942 ; Edge Of Darkness, 1943 ; Objectiv e Burma!, 1945). After Warners rewon World War One with The Fighting 69th (1940) and Sergeant York (1941), the studio took on the Axis in such popular combat films as Action In The North Atlantic (1943), Air Force (1943), Destination Tokyo (1943), God Is My Co-Pilot (1945). After High Sierra, Bogart secured his stardom with the classic The Maltese Falcon (1941), an adaptation of Dashiell Hammetts detective novel, and the first film directed by Warners writer John Huston. Bogart went on to star in several first-rate Warners films of the 40s, most notably the classic wartime drama of romance and espionage, Casablanca (1942); To Have And Have Not (1945) and The Big Sleep (1946), both directed by Howard Hawks and co-starring Lauren Bacall; and Hustons classic account of greed and paranoia, The Treasure Of The Sierra Madre (1948). The Maltese Falcon had also co-starred the great character actor Peter Lorre with Hustons discovery, stage actor Sydney Greenstreet. Warners went on to team t he pair as leads in several first-rate mysteries and thrillers, including The Mask Of Dimitrios (1944) and Three Strangers (1946), both directed by Jean Negulseco, and The Verdict (1946), directed by Don Siegel. Other important Warners releases of the 40s include the sports biopic Knut Rockne — All American (1940); the Jack London adaptation The Sea Wolf (1941); the dark drama Kings Row (1942); Pride Of The Marines (1945), with John Garfield as a blinded veteran; the espionage film Cloak And Dagger (1946); the drama of a deaf-mute girl, Johnny Belinda (1948); King Vidors adaptation of Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead (1949); and the Danny Kaye comedy The Inspector General (1949). The studios animation department, active since 1930, came into its own in the 40s thanks to such directors as Tex Avery, Friz Freleng, Bob Clampett, Frank Tashlin, and Chuck Jones, who made Warners the center of the short-cartoon universe with a gallery of beloved cartoon stars: Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Tweety and Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, and the Road Runner and the Coyote. Two major filmmakers also worked at Warners during the 40s. Frank Capra directed a pair of films, Meet John Doe (1941) with Gary Cooper and Arsenic And Old Lace (1941, released 44) with Cary Grant, before leaving to join the military. Alfred Hitchcock began working at Warners after the war with the thrillers Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949); his work there became even stronger in the 50s, especially with Strangers On A Train (1951), Dial M For Murder (1954), and The Wrong Man (1957). John Huston had become an independent filmmaker at the end of the 40s, but returned to Warners for one of his best films of the decade, the Melville adaptation Moby Dick (1956). Elia Kazan directed many of his finest films at Warners in the 50s: the Tennessee Williams adaptations A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and Baby Doll (1956); the John Steinbeck adaptation East Of Eden (1954), which introduced James D ean; and the provocative satire of media manipulation, A Face In The Crowd (1956). James Deans other two films, both released after his death, were also for Warners: the classic drama of troubled teenagers, Rebel Without A Cause (1955), directed by Nicholas Ray, and George Stevens epic Giant (1956), from the novel by Edna Ferber. Warners biggest difficulties in the 1950s were competition from television and the loss of its theater holdings in 1953, when the governments Consent Decree split the company into two entities: The theaters went to the control of Fabian Enterprises, Inc., and production and distribution were to be handled by Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. In 1956 Harry and Albert Warner sold their shares in the company to an investment group; Jack kept his shares, becoming the single largest shareholder and president of the company. During these years, singer and actress Doris Day became a star at Warners with such hit musicals as By The Light Of The Silvery Moon (1953), Calam ity Jane (1953), and The Pajama Game (1957). The studio also made several notable Westerns in the late 50s: John Fords The Searchers (1956), Arthur Penns The Left-Handed Gun (1958), Delmer Daves The Hanging Tree (1959), and Howard Hawks Rio Bravo (1959). In the 60s, many of Warners biggest hits were films with a pre-sold audience, thanks to their genesis as successful plays: Dore Scharys FDR biopic Sunrise At Campobello (1960); the Americana musical The Music Man (1962); Edward Albees Whos Afraid Of Virginia Woolf? (1965), the debut film of director Mike Nichols; the classic Lerner and Loewe musical My Fair Lady (1965), directed by George Cukor. Other major Warners releases of the early 60s include director Fred Zinnemanns Australian comedy/drama, The Sundowners (1960); the romantic drama Splendor In The Grass (1960) and the immigrant saga America, America (1963), both directed by Elia Kazan; producer/director Robert Aldrichs gothic thriller What Ever Happened To Baby Jane? (1962), with Bette Davis and Joan Crawford; the alcoholism drama Days Of Wine And Roses (1962), directed by Blake Edwards; and two John Ford Westerns, the race-themed Sergeant Rutledge (1960) and the epic Cheyenne Autumn (1964). In 1967 Warners was acquired by the Canadian-based Seven Arts Productions, Ltd., and became Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, Ltd.; Jack Warner sold them his shares and became an independent producer, making the flop big-budget musical Camelot (1967). Before the new company was bought out by the end of the decade, it released three of Warners most important films of the 60s: Arthur Penns landmark Bonnie And Clyde (1967); John Hustons drama of homosexual repression, Reflections In A Golden Eye (1967); and Sam Peckinpahs classic Western The Wild Bunch (1969).The conglomerate Kinney National Service acquired Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969, and in 1971 changed its name to Warner Communications, Inc. Former talent agent Ted Ashley was appointed chairman and CEO of the studio (no w reverted to its old name, Warner Bros.) and guided Warners to many of its most successful 1970s releases: the horror hit The Exorcist (1973); Mel Brooks classic Western spoof, Blazing Saddles (1974); the disaster film The Towering Inferno (1974), a co-production with 20th Century-Fox; the Watergate saga All The Presidents Men (1976); the musical remake A Star Is Born (1976) with Barbra Streisand; the Neil Simon comedy The Goodbye Girl (1977), a co-production with MGM; and the action series started by Superman (1978). Actor Clint Eastwood began releasing his films almost exclusively through Warner Bros., kicking off with a string of box-office hits: The Outlaw Josie Wales (1976), The Enforcer (1976), The Gauntlet (1977), and Every Which Way But Loose (1978). Robert A. Daly succeeded Ashley in 1980, with Terry Semel becoming president and COO; together, they brought Warners to such hits as the series launched by Police Academy (1984) and Lethal Weapon (1987); Stanley Kubricks adapta tion of Stephen King, The Shining (1980); Tom Cruises breakthrough film, Risky Business (1983); Joe Dantes horror comedy Gremlins (1984); the Cambodian drama The Killing Fields (1984); and Steven Speilbergs Alice Walker adaptation, The Color Purple (1985). Eastwood continued to score with a range of genres: comedy (Any Which Way You Can, 1980), action (Firefox, 1982), crime (Sudden Impact, 1983; Tightrope, 1984), Western (Pale Rider, 1985), and war (Heartbreak Ridge, 1986). Time, Inc., purchased Warner Communications in 1989 and created Time-Warner, one of the largest communications and entertainment companies in the world. That same year, Warners hit box-office gold again with the series launched by director Tim Burtons Batman. The studios other major hits of the 90s include the drama Driving Miss Daisy (1990); the Kevin Costner vehicles Robin Hood: Prince Of Thieves (1991) and The Bodyguard (1992); Oliver Stones political drama JFK (1991); Spike Lees biopic Malcolm X (1992); the C lint Eastwood Western Unforgiven (1992); the television-derived drama The Fugitive (1993); the save-the-whale kids film Free Willy (1993); and the animation/live-action blend Space Jam (1996) which teams basketball player Michael Jordan with Bugs Bunny. With a track record such as this, the studio that was pivotal in bringing sound to motion pictures should continue to hold the ears — and eyes — of audiences for a long time to come.

The Effects of Global Warming on Animals

The Effects of Global Warming on Animals Global warming, scientists say, is responsible not only for shrinking ice caps but also for a surge in extreme weather that is causing heat waves, forest fires, and droughts. The polar bear standing on a chunk of shrinking ice, apparently stranded, has become a familiar image, a symbol of the devastating effects of climate change. This image is somewhat misleading since polar bears are powerful swimmers and climate change will primarily affect them by restricting access to prey. Nevertheless, researchers agree that even small changes in temperature are enough to threaten hundreds of already struggling animals. Time is of the essence: A 2003 study in the journal Nature concluded that 80 percent of some 1,500 wildlife species sampled are already showing signs of stress from climate change. Habitat Disruption The key impact of global warming on wildlife is habitat disruption, in which ecosystems- places where animals have spent millions of years adapting- rapidly transform in response to climate change, reducing their ability to fulfill the species needs. Habitat disruptions are often due to changes in temperature and water availability, which affect the native vegetation and the animals that feed on it. Affected wildlife populations can sometimes move into new spaces and continue to thrive. But concurrent human population growth means that many land areas that might be suitable for such â€Å"refugee wildlife† are fragmented and already cluttered with residential and industrial development. Cities and roads can act as obstacles, preventing plants and animals from moving into alternative habitats. A report by the Pew Center for Global Climate Change suggests that creating â€Å"transitional habitats† or â€Å"corridors† could help migrating species by linking natural areas that are otherwise separated by human development. Shifting Life Cycles Beyond habitat displacement, many scientists agree that global warming is causing a shift in the timing of various natural cyclical events in the lives of animals. The study of these seasonal events is called phenology. Many birds have altered the timing of long-held migratory and reproductive routines to better sync up with the warming climate. And some hibernating animals are ending their slumbers earlier each year, perhaps due to warmer spring temperatures. To make matters worse, research contradicts the long-held hypothesis that different species coexisting in a particular ecosystem respond to global warming as a single entity. Instead, different species within the same habitat are responding in dissimilar ways, tearing apart ecological communities millennia in the making. Effects on Animals Affect People Too As wildlife species struggle and go their separate ways, humans can also feel the impact. A World Wildlife Fund study found that a northern exodus from the United States to Canada by some types of warblers led to a spread of mountain pine beetles that destroy valuable balsam fir trees. Similarly, a northward migration of caterpillars in the Netherlands has eroded some forests there. Which Animals Are Hardest Hit by Global Warming? According to Defenders of Wildlife, some of the wildlife species hardest hit by global warming include caribou (reindeer), arctic foxes, toads, polar bears, penguins, gray wolves, tree swallows, painted turtles, and salmon. The group fears that unless we take decisive steps to reverse global warming, more and more species will join the list of wildlife populations pushed to the brink of extinction.

International Politics - advising John Deere on recent drought in Essay

International Politics - advising John Deere on recent drought in Brazil - Essay Example cy response to drought, the Brazilian government highly prioritizes the availability and distribution of clean drinking water to save the lives of the people living in affected communities more than the need to supply water for agricultural activities (Osava). As an end result, the profitability of the businesses related to agricultural products suffers most. A large number of agricultural farmers in Brazil purchase their agricultural equipments from the world’s biggest manufacturer of farming machineries known as Deere & Company. (John Deere) As part of Deere’s marketing strategy, the company extends a credit loan to as much as 17 countries worldwide including the medium- and large-scale agricultural businesses in Brazil (John Deere Credit). Since majority of the agricultural business in Brazil are seriously experiencing financial difficulty to pay their credit loan to John Deere Credit, several marketing and non-marketing strategy will be provided in order to prevent the negative financial impact of the phenomena in Brazil over the business performance of John Deere. Drought can exist in any country temporarily. Considering the demand for corn and soybean will always be present, it is highly expected that the business performance of agricultural companies in Brazil will normalize as soon as the period of drought ends. In times of a global natural phenomenon such as the existence of drought, it is advisable on the part of John Deere Credit management to extend the loan payment to affected agricultural companies in Brazil. This can be done by extending the number of payment years depending on the length of forecasted drought period and the time frame wherein the Brazilian farmers will be able to plant and harvest crops including a grace period of at least one year to allow these businesses to recover from the financial loss caused by the uncontrollable environmental factor. Considering the proposed strategy, John Deere Credit could maintain a good business

Coursework Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Coursework - Thesis Proposal Example This paper demonstrates the process of entry into foreign markets, the considerations to be made in decision making, the challenges involved, and the applicable organizational models that can be employed. For a better description, the paper analyses a case of a consumer product firm Coca Cola. It addresses the problems she faces on her efforts to venture into a foreign direct investment, the managerial decisions to be made, the organizational models to be used, as well as the decision making models most appropriate for the firm. Coca Cola targets its foreign direct investment in a country in Asia, the People’s Republic of China. Coca-Cola in China was selected as a case study for a number of reasons. First, Coca-Cola is the largest cocoa producer in the world and one of the largest multinational companies. Coca Cola  gets competition from its closest competitor, Pepsi-Cola, and unknown environment and versatile local market, the ability of Coca-Cola, experience and success in capturing a large market share in China seem to be an interesting Cases in which consequences can be drawn for the understanding of the market multinationals Entry in the developing countries by creating an equity joint venture (EJV).  Based on a case study of the bottling plant of Coca-Cola Tianjin, Nolan (1995) conducted the first comprehensive analysis of the macroeconomic effects work by Coca-Cola in China. He found out that the company Coca-Cola System General has positive effects on the development of labor markets, capital and products in China.   They believe that the economic multiplier effects of the investments of Coca-Cola and Power operation. China produced a total of approximately 414 000 jobs, 21.7 billion Yuan in output and 1.2 billion Yuan tax payment in 1998. Coca Cola operates in more than 100 countries through various contractual agreements. Coca Cola operates using an organizational and product line

Home Health Agency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home Health Agency - Assignment Example ly literate, and meet several other training requirements such as satisfactorily completing the health and safety component of the training course titled â€Å"Direct Support Persons Core Training Program† or its equivalent. As such training for authorization to provide direct care services is mandatory. The curriculum may vary from state to state however each regulatory agency approves a certain curricula for their direct care trainees to undergo. One of the approved curriculum for training direct caretakers includes â€Å"Providing Residential Services in Community Settings: A Training Guide† (Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, 2015). The curriculum covers a wide range of topics that needs to be included in the training including best practices for the practitioners. Further for medication administration, the direct caretakers are trained under standardized medication curriculum by a nurse trainer. The nurse trainers supervise the direct caretaker trainees and evaluate their progress. Trainees who need to be authorized for medication administration also need to pass certain examination that evaluates their knowledge and competency of the various drugs that need to be administered. The test could be written or oral examination to test the competency of the direct care staff to ensure that they are qualified to provide the service. After the direct care staff is evaluated, they may be evaluated again in order to ensure compliance. The frequency of being re-evaluated depends upon the nurse trainer. Further if the direct care staff fails to meet the required competency level, then they may be retrained in order to ensure their competency is enough to authorize them for administering medication. Therefore, direct care staff members must undergo training under an approved curriculum in order to be eligible for providing their services at a residence or to administer medication to the patients. The curriculum involves best practices and covers different

The female criminality

The female criminality INTRODUCTION Women, undeniably, have been all but invisible for much of criminologys history.[1] Women have never been as prominent as their male counterparts in criminology, so much so, they can be said to have been ignored for many centuries and it was not until the turn of the 20th century that women who committed crimes were really included in criminological discourse. The advent of the feminist movements throughout this time beginning with the suffragettes to the current Fawcett commission established in 2003, has seen the realisation of womens rights and the struggle for equality supposedly at an end. But as we will see, non-feminist explanations for female criminality still leave much to be desired of as most parts of criminology along with society appears to be wedded to the conventional and stereotypical views of women, with the feminist explanations casting a new view on how women ought to be studied within the field of criminology. This paper aims to discuss and evaluate the various criminological explanations of womens involvement in crime, and suggest possibilities that obviate the traditional reasoning which passes female criminality off as purely biological. The discussion of the criminological explanations will take on two focal threads: why some women commit crime and why the majority do not. Using government statistics from England and Wales, specifically those after the second wave of the feminist movement in the 1960s and the present day, incidence, types and trends of female criminality will be explored. After the issues and problems within the statistics have been identified, I will then discuss whether criminologists can explain conclusively the reason for these findings. Do we need to study female criminality? Criminology is the study of crime which endeavours to explain and find solutions for deviant behaviour, yet there also needs to be a reason why this certain behaviour requires explanation. The theory welcomed by the government is that crime is conduct which has been agreed as contrary to the norms of society. Deviant behaviour is a problem which needs to be resolved, and once the problems have been acknowledged, policy makers can then make decisions and laws based on finding solutions to these problems. Smart notes that only those topics officially designated as social problems are studied, which she articulates is responsible for the sorry state of current knowledge and work on female criminality[2]; women are not seen as a problem, yet they live in the same world as men but commit less crime. This creates a great opportunity for society; finding underlying reasons why women do not commit as much crime as men could possibly be replicated to reduce the number of men committing crimes, or at least aid in the general control of crime. However, according to the Youth Justice Board in 2009, the relatively lower number of young women engaged in offending has meant, however, that most research and expertise has been developed in response to male offending[3]. Gender is one of the most certain predictors of offending[4], and women have never been seen as a social problem because their deviant acts in relation to men are very low. But as is sometimes suggested, statistical quantity alone is not sufficient to explain their lack of treatment.[5] Equality to men was the driving factor for the Womens Movements, but this immediately suggests that women are to be studied as a different entity, unduly undermining any common notion of equality from the outset. Arguably however, this hypothesis is true on some levels, but the equality women strive for is not equality of treatment, but equality of outcome. There are various stereotypical explanations for womens criminality which throughout history have been dominated by internal reasons; biology and psychology. However, what is interesting is how differently men are studied; from the outside. Rather than stating a man has an innate propensity for violence and deviant behaviour in his biological make-up, theorists use external reasons such as economical and class based expectations to explain behaviour. Women do not get the benefit of wholly non-biological determinist reasoning and it could be concluded that it is entirely their fault for simply being born a woman (e.g. Lombrosos female born criminals). In addition to this, female criminality needs to be studied so equality in outcome can be achieved from a justice perspective. Regarding the expectations of women in a social context, which will be discussed in depth later, if a woman was to act as expected, they are likely to be looked upon as the stereotypical weak and fragile being which needs protecting and this can be used to their advantage. But then also the opposite must not be ignored in that if they do not conform to the stereotypical female state then they will be twice condemned, which is extraordinarily unfair from a feminist perspective. Substitution and the media Hypothetically reversing the position of men and women, performed throughout this paper, when contrasting the consideration and study given to both sexes, is a very useful tool to shake out gender issues in criminality. The proliferation of the media also works to the same effect in that when one is to contrast coverage of crimes committed by men, they seem extremely commonplace and the public hardly blink an eye, but when the likes of Myra Hindley and Rosemary West committed perhaps masculine crimes, they were incredibly newsworthy. This can be down to the utmost shock that a woman has committed a crime and this produces a double deviance theory. Even now we do not expect women to behave in a criminal and inappropriate fashion, and the public are utterly shocked when we hear that a mother with the qualities of being tender and caring has shaken her baby to death. Heidensohn concurs, women involved in very serious crimes seem to provide the media with some of their most compelling images of crime and deviance.'[6] THE CRIMES WOMEN COMMIT: INCIDENCE AND TRENDS Despite their various shortcomings, the methods for measuring crime, such as police recorded crime statistics published annually by the Home Office and the British Crime Survey (BCS), have been able to provide an indication of crime trends in England and Wales. The statistics must be viewed with wary eyes because of the discussion that surrounds unreported crime which leads to resources being allocated into improving the collation of statistics; it should not be ignored that this improvement could account for a vast increase in crime rates. In addition to this, the numbers for women are very low to start with, so any slight increase could lead to a huge percentage increase which would skew the findings. Despite this, they will be used to show the incidence and trends in womens offending from: overall gender comparison, women under and over 18, the types of crime women are committing and finally cautioning rates. Gender and the feminist movements Although women gained more presence in society, the vote, property rights and other social triumphs in the first wave of the feminist movements at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, it is really only during the second wave in the 1960s and 1970s that there was a substantial change in the general and criminal behaviour of women which would attract academic and critical comment. The criminal statistics saw a huge boost in numbers of women represented across the board: in 1958, the number of women found guilty for all indictable offences was 17,380: in 1965 this increased to 31,011, and amidst the full swing of the second wave of the feminist movement, in 1975 the number was at its highest at 60,356. In the 1960s, the ratio between men and women again for being found guilty of all indictable offences went down slightly also (from 7:1 to 6:1). The following decades saw a gradual decrease in numbers in the same respect, and in 2007 the numbers were 267,000 men to 45,300 w omen for both sexes and the ratio still lies at 6:1. The trend to be carried forward is that it remains consistent that women commit less crimes than men overall, and the highest increase in female crime was in the 1970s. Age The estimated peak age of offending is 15 for girls (and 17 for boys). According to a Ministry of Justice publication Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System[7] a higher proportion of all women arrested were aged between 10 and 17 than the proportion of men in that age group who were arrested, 25.7 per cent compared to 20.5 per cent. In addition to this, a study in 2009 by the Youth Justice Board[8] found that the offences most frequently committed by adolescent girls are theft and handling stolen goods, and that there has been a proliferation in the amount of girls committing violence against the person, especially if there is an existing relationship with the victim. It is also noted that recent use of alcohol is often linked to the offence/offending pattern. Home Office Statistics show the ratio of men to women found guilty or cautioned for all indictable offences is 3:1 for adolescents and 4:1 for adult women. From this two distinct trends can be deduced; there is what Worral describes as a problem population of young girls committing more crime, especially violent crime, than their older equivalent, and, that as a women gets older she is less likely to commit crime (desistence). Types of Crime As Smart notices, the proportion of women who engage in crime varies quite considerably according to the nature of the offence[9]. From the Home Office statistics for 2008/09[10] it can be seen that there are large differences between women and men in terms of their involvement with the formal criminal justice system, notably, and obviously, less women across all areas of crime. However, there appears to be a rise in theft, especially shoplifting which Smart terms a sex-related offence, a crime that has a preponderance to be committed by one sex more than the other. It follows then that this is the only area where women make significant contribution to the numbers; in 2007, 52,100 women were found guilty or cautioned for theft, the ratio between men and women is a mere 2:1. Although the ratio for fraud and forgery is also 2:1, the numbers are smaller: 9,500 women being found guilty or cautioned. By contrast, the highest ratio between men and women is that of burglary at 15:1 in 2007. The most prolific offence seen in the statistics is that of violence, but it appears to be low-level violence, harassment compared to men. Although it appears that it is more abundant for adolescent girls recently, over the last few decades there has been a dramatic increase of violence in women of all ages. For example, in 1965, 827 were found guilty of violence against the person: either murder, manslaughter, death by dangerous driving, assault or wounding. In 1975 this increased to 2,748 and then to 3,600 in 1985. In 1995 there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in (both men and) women committing violence against the person and until 2007 the number has steadily increased again to 4,500, the ratio since 1995 becoming closer (10:1 to 8:1 respectively). There has been a preponderance of women committing property offences, especially robbery as from the 1970s to present; the incidence has more than quadrupled from 200 in 1978 to 900 in 2007. Finally, according to the Women and the Criminal Justice System statistics[11], the violence that women commit is interfamily; partners and children, and homicides appear to be committed against intimate partners. Cautioning rates Women are more likely to be cautioned than men. Overall in 2007, 56% of women were cautioned instead of being officially processed by the courts for indictable offences compared to 36% of men. It was the same nearly 10 years ago also as in 1991, it was 54%. Looking at the cautioning rate for theft in 2007, out of 52,100 women, 26,000 were cautioned. In regards to violence against the person, 12,700 were cautioned out of 17,200 women. Since 2001 penalty notices for disorder (PND) can be issued for  £50 or  £80 depending on the severity of the offence. Inclusive of all ages, the Statistics on Women and the CJS found that in 2008/09 the top three reasons for issuing a penalty notice of disorder (PND) to women were: theft (retail under  £200) 20,453 (49%); causing harassment alarm or distress 8,051 (20%); and being drunk and disorderly 7,520 (18%) notably all of these appearing to require no physical strength. Although the amount of PNDs being issued has decreased from 207,544 in 2007 to 176,164 in 2008, there was a smaller decrease for the amount issued to women than to men. According to the Ministry of Justice, PNDs were designed to be a simpler and swift way for the criminal justice system to deal with low level criminal behaviour. CRIMINOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS Classical Criminology Early or classical criminologists accounted for female criminality on biological grounds; describing the psychological, physiological and hormonal characteristics of female criminals, or emphasising that their crimes were sexually based. Biological determinism is perhaps historically the most common yet underdeveloped explanation for female criminality, and has dominated discourse for a dreadfully long time, even intertwining itself into modern and contemporary theories despite mass criticism. Women being studied biologically can be immediately contrasted with the study of male criminality which, as Morris suggests[12], has nearly always used specifically socio-economic explanations such as subculture or labelling theory. Cesare Lombroso was the main projector of biological determinism, but this concept can be seen in the early works of W. I. Thomas and Otto Pollak in general, especially in regards to sexual delinquency. Thomas work was written in what Smart describes as the transitional period where criminology became more liberal. Pollak, although his work was carried out a long time after Lombrosos, is classed along with Lombroso and Thomas as a classical criminologist in that they all shared the same conventional views of women as Heidensohn summarises succinctly, Their view of women is heavily stereotyped. Women are defined according to domestic and sexual roles; they are dominated by biological imperatives; they are emotional and irrational.[13] Modern biological explanations have been exampled in this paper to highlight that biological theories remain to this day and when read in light of social theories, biological explanations as far as they go to explain female criminality, tell us more about societys perception of women than anything else. Lombroso One cannot read any textbook related to theories of female criminality without encountering at least a brief mention of the criminological pioneer Cesare Lombroso, whose work, in particular The Female Offender'[14], made specific mention of female criminals for perhaps the first time. Although completely discredited now, the mere fact that women became a topic of study was a phenomenal feat for criminology. With his son-in-law Ferrero and the help of others, along with the emphasis on scientific based study, Lombroso looked initially at 26 skulls and 5 skeletons of female offenders, namely prostitutes, 60 criminal subjects who died in prison and 17 others along with studying photo-portraits. The offences they were said to have committed were those such as infanticide, complicity in rape, arson, theft, homicide, abortion and poisoning. One of the studies within this work regarded the skull capacity and size. They were measured on account of each crime, and such conclusions were made for example, that fallen women have the smaller cranial capacity of all [offering] more analogy to the mentally afflicted than the sane. Essentially, Lombroso was explaining that women commit crime because of physical defects, and they were from the outset born criminals because of this. According to Newburns summary, Lombrosos female born criminal would specialise in not just one but several types of crime a nd surpasses her male counterpart in the refined, diabolical cruelty in which she commits her crimes and therefore a female criminal is a true monster. Also, Lombrosos theory perhaps edged towards the later idea of double deviance, in that the female criminal was doubly exceptionalbecause criminals are exceptions among civilised people and women are exceptions among criminals[15]. On the other hand, in explaining why women did not commit as much crime as men, he argued that firstly there were far fewer female born criminals than males and secondly and more offensive to read nowadays, he suggested criminal women were atavistic; a manifestation of the idea that women were not fully evolved, had underdeveloped intelligence and had less scope for degeneration. Criminality therefore was defined as a mental illness, because womens normal psychology was piety and weakness which meant the normal woman would not have the predisposition to commit crimes due to lack of intelligence, and were not affected by environmental issues as men would be. Evaluating this theory with modern eyes, the criticisms of this study are obvious, but one cannot lose context of the time in which it was carried out. It was, despite its failure, an undoubtedly sincere attempt to justify certain beliefs and theories.[16] However, it was completely ignored that the beliefs were founded on premises so naà ¯ve. Also, the theory suggests that there should be more women committing crimes, but according to the statistics this is not true. Of course, the study is archaic and did not really progress understanding of female criminality, as Heidensohn points out, the observations made of the photographs are as objective as an adjudicator in a beauty contest. However, it does tell us about the perceptions of women in that time and that worked as a starting point for later theorists to use as a point of comparison and critique. Thomas Thomas early work Sex and Society[17]was more akin to the works of Lombroso in that it studied women in regards to their physiological energy, suggesting that women were altogether less creative than men and therefore were not destined to commit crime. It was critically lacking in its applicability to all women, as it focussed on immigrants and peasant women already seen as a lower species in that time, and again based ideas on detrimental societal views of women. His later work, The Unadjusted Girl,[18] however, was a first glance at the social reasons why women could commit crime, namely that women were more aware of their deprivation in society in his time of writing and therefore likely to be frustrated, leading to the disorganisation of [their] life and potentially to sexual delinquency'[19]. Society transformed whilst Thomas was writing and that because of the breakdown of traditional restraints on women they are more likely to be unadjusted. Here, instead of appreciating the progress, he displays contempt for the ideological change in society and thus promotes repression. He theorised that women from the start were trying to find the legitimate role of the good wife, mother and dutiful daughter and in failure of this they acquired the illegitimate role, that is to say the degenerative criminal or more usually the sexual delinquent. The legitimate role was merely a sign of the times dictated by the middle-class norm, not an adequate expl anation. Pollak In his work, The Criminality of Women in 1961, Pollaks argument was that women commit just as much crime as men but it is hidden, partly because of the social order in which women live, but also because of a womens physiology particularly in regards to sex. He agreed with Lombroso and Thomas in that the most likely degeneration of women was to prostitution, which was true at that time, but has no bearing on prostitution now. Prostitutes now, according to the Home Office website[20] are not there voluntarily and are usually forced into it. He explained that women were empirically deceitful and manipulative in their nature because they conceal their menstruation every month, and that their passive nature during sexual intercourse enables women to discover and acquire confidence in their ability to deceive men in all respects.'[21] Obviously Pollak could not get away from his apparent infuriation that it was men on show with their erection, and women could hide how they really felt. Her e Pollak has taken this idea and translated it into the assumption that all women are vengeful, manipulative and cruel deceitful beings, not really moving on from the perceptions of women in Lombrosos time. Regarding the statistics, Pollak was perhaps correct when he argued that women are likely to commit offences against family members; such as poisoning their husbands, sexually abusing or killing their children. And also that persons are less likely to report a crime committed to them by a woman, as Smart notes the victims are usually children and are unable to report the crimes of their parents.[22] But his basis for this conclusion is flawed as he overlooks crimes committed by men towards their family, makes judgements completely based on the sex discrimination in society at the time and again completely ignores that this is the case. Because of this, he would probably be surprised by, and would not fit in with his conclusions, the amount of hidden wife battering and domestic abuse committed by men that has come to light recently if he were writing today. He also suggests that because of their nature, their acts are cunning and vengeful (putting poison into their husbands food) explained because their vengeance is a product of their monthly reminder of their inferior status to men and they are the persons closely related to the domestic task of food preparation, again decisively based on the perceived domestic role of women at the time. His study does correspond with the current statistics in that women are likely commit crimes within the home, but his original study was not based on any real evidence but on societal assumptions and preconceptions about the behaviour of men and women, which at the time he was oblivious to the fact that the power and societal position of men and women was completely imbalanced. Chivalry Theory Pollak, considering the very low number of female criminals, also proposed that men, especially those in the CJS, had an innate chivalry towards women. He argued that they have the same (he would argue misconceived) conceptions of women as his societal counterparts do; that women are weak and fragile, but they have deceived themselves into believing this and not realised the true nature of women. They are therefore are less likely to report, charge and convict women for the offences they engage in.'[23] In all aspects of life, Pollak has described that women are treated less severely than men to their advantage and this discrimination is to mens disadvantage. However, as Smart notes, although recognising a darker side of chivalry he has not mentioned the disadvantages of this discrimination towards women, and does not criticise the double standards for men and women; he treats it as the norm. However, it could be suggested that this theory is adequate because it is very much in effect today. The CJS currently appears to deploy this innate chivalry that protects women from the full rigours of the law, which could explain why a great deal more women are cautioned than men. Chivalry gains its credence because it is how one would expect women to be treated in a society which stereotypically views them as delicate and in need of protection. Interestingly, the chivalrous nature of the law can be seen in practice as with regard to infanticide in particular, where the Home Office stated in rejecting the proposal to abolish this offence: That a mother can be charged with infanticide on the basis of the ingredients for manslaughter is in keeping with the desire to treat such cases with compassion, in particular the desire not to force a mother to be brought face to face with the admission of whether or not she intended to kill her child.[24] (Emphasis added) However, despite of this grave offence, it is mainly true today for perhaps petty crimes, where the statistics suggest that women are more likely to be cautioned than thoroughly processed in the CJS. But this could also be explained, not by chivalry, but because there is a strong urgency for diversion in the CJS, costs are always a priority, as is police time and resources. However, Pollaks theory generalises the lenience that women get, although it is relevant on some levels, it pays no heed to the fact that after due process, female murderers and those who commit very serious offences will go to prison. Modern Biological Determinism Hormonal and Mental Imbalance Although Lombrosos work is said to have continued to exert influence long after it was written[25], Edwards states that too much emphasis is sometimes placed on Lombroso as godfather of biological criminology, arguing that medical professionals, such as Icard, Krafft-Ebing and Krugelsten walked the terrain far before Lombroso. Despite the criticisms of biological positivism, it cannot be ignored that all women have undeniable stages in their development cycle[26] namely in menstruation, menopause and after giving birth. The common theory in this respect, for why women do commit crime, is that hormonal imbalance dictates their deviant behaviour, particularly violence. Even Lombroso found this link in his work after finding that 72 out of 80 women arrested for resisting public officials were menstruating at the time[27]. Contemporary criminologists such as McClean, Wood, Devlin and Mercier have also claimed the physiological differences between men and women as a reason for criminality, but have not given substantial reasons as to why the rest of the female population have not committed crimes whilst going through the same crisis periods.'[28] Freud lends a suggestion here as he believed people are born with anti-social criminal qualities, but the better amongst them learn to control this. His theory suggests women do not have the fear of castration (as do men baring the Oedipus complex) which would be used to control their impulses, but suggests their passivity and want of affection controls them. It is commonly known that women experience mood swings, tension, water retention and headaches, however, 19th century theory exaggerates the mood swings into unaccountable violence and intolerable evil and cruelty. The works of the late Dr Dalton whom coined the term PMS to describe the changes women experience in these times, and it is accepted by the law that there can be uncontrolled aggression at certain times of the month, and PMS has the possibility to be a mitigating factor in the sentencing of female criminals under diminished responsibility in the law of evidence in England. For example, in a case in 1981, Christine English killed her boyfriend by driving into him. After pleading guilty to manslaughter on grounds of diminished responsibility due to pre-menstrual syndrome she was conditionally discharged. Furthermore, biological theory has manifested itself into the law of infanticide in that the Infanticide Act 1938 s.1 (1) states: ..where a woman by any wilful act or omission causes the death of her child being a child under the age of 12 months, but at the time of her act or omission the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation. However it is curious to note that the medical profession refuses to accept this, in its definition, symptomatology, treatments or rates of manifestation[29]. Crimes such as infanticide can only be committed by a woman. Naturally, criminologists cannot in any way try to fit this crime into gender-neutral theories; there has to be something particular about women. On the other hand, infanticide still remains, according to the Law Commission in a Home Office Consultation Paper in 2008, a piece of legislation which is a practicable legal solution to a particular set of circumstances, which gives something to consider if there was no crime of infanticide. Accepting PMS and infanticide in the law gets varied responses, usually either outrage that a woman could literally get away with murder, or that recognition of biological happenings that every woman has is a positive step, however the deep rooted connotations are far more complex. Some might see it as positive that women are getting recognition, whereas others would see retrogressive irony in play; women want to gain equality, but they too are immersed in the want for allowances to be made for them, and also that PMS constructs womens normal experience and behaviour as abnormal'[30]. Furthermore, the masculinity of law does not understand womens problems, so it is easier to accept mental imbalance than challenge the norms of society, and so an account of PMS, as Raitt and Zeedyk suggest, is striking only because social norms dictate a particular baseline for womens behaviour and when they fail to meet that expectation, illness provides a convenient explanation[31] Consequently, Smart notes that, in principle, the law should be held to be equally applicable to all regardless of sex, (noting also, race, class and other distinctions) but in reality this does not happen. There are at all times a number of societal connotations or stereotypes, such as the chivalrous nature of men, and the stereotypical way women are perceived which overshadow what should be happening, and determine what does happen in regard to the study of crime, and although this should not be the case, it does reveal the underlying, discriminatory views towards women that would better be abandoned for the sake of the quality of explanations for criminality. Finally, it would be interesting to use substitution here. Firstly if women were in power in society, there would be no explanations for deviant behaviour down to PMS, as having PMS at certain times or experiencing the effects of childbirth and lactation would be the norm. There would probably be explanations for why men behave they do, for example neurosis because they cannot have children. Brain Function Although truly biological theories seem to have disappeared from criminology[32], Lansdell, in a study of laterality of verbal intelligence in the brain in 1962[33] noticed that when males and females had strokes or lobotomies, their recovery processes were different even though the injury was the same: women recovered better because they found that their brain hemispheres are more connected, enabling the female brain to possibly assimilate all sorts of information that male brains would keep separate. How this would become an explanation for female criminality would be quite complex and I would profess that it would see criminologists using these findings to merely support the well known stereotype that women can multitask. Nevertheless, it could be suggested that women have less chance of being caught as they could plan the offence thoroughly, or be able to perceive the consequences of their actions before they can perform an act which would render them criminal, but these would am ount to huge generalisations, and would not conclusively explain why women do or do not commit crime. Although it is arguable that as with any disease of the body

Summary Of Kidnapped :: essays research papers

Kidnapped, by Robert Louis Stevenson has a genre that classifies as historical fiction. I selected this book because the setting takes place during the 1750's, which is a perfect time for history. At that year many historic events occurred that have been written down in books today. Such as, 'The French and Indian War.'; Since the setting is in Scotland, the way the writing in the book is is quite hard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting not only takes place in Scotland, but also through a voyage in a boat, as well as on islands. The year is 1751, in those days many people traveled by sea. Which is a major transportation use within this book. The setting is important to the plot, because most of the actions that ensue are either not possible today, or are unlikely to happen. For example, when David and Alan are being attacked, they must go through a system of charging their gun. That takes a long time. Today the guns are automatic; which enhances the speed of reloading by far. Today it would be extremely unlikely to see a person using the same sort of gun as they used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  David Balfour, a poor Scotsman who lived all his life in a place called Essendean. He has never been out of there. Having both his parents die was truly a tragedy. Only now has the minister of the town (Mr. Campbell, who was friends with David's father) told David that his father left him a will. The will stated, 'To the hands of Ebenezer Balfour, Esq., of Shaws, in his house of Shaws, these will e delivered by my son, David Balfour.'; David was to travel to another town, and seek a place called 'The House Of Shaws.'; David then finds out that the man living in the gruesome house (where he thought was a palace before he laid his eyes on it) was actually his uncle. His name was Ebenezer, and one of the odd things about him is that he didn't allow candles or lanterns in the house. Therefore it was hard to see at night. At first he didn't trust David at all, he would never leave him alone in the house for one second. David and Ebenezer both left to an inn near the do cks. There, David was to see a lawyer so he may get the inheritance. As for Ebenezer he had an appointment with a captain of a ship called Mr.

Angelo’s Pizza Essay

1) The problem with Angelo’s Pizza is that it has no strategic human resource planning. Strategic HRM is about planning to meet the organizations human resource requirements well in advance of the actual required date. The high level goals for strategic HRM will be derived from the organizations overall strategic planning. For example, Angelo’s Pizza started out from a single shop enterprise and then expanded three stores. However, there was no plan is place about the enhanced human resources which would be required to support the organizational growth plans. Because of this, the organizations human resources became the weak link when the new stores were set up. Similarly, if a franchisee is to be established, Angelo needs to have a detailed strategic HRM plan in place. The first step in Strategic HRM is to determine the number of employees and the types of competencies which will be required by the organization in the next five years. For this purpose, the present and future expansion plans must be considered and the competencies which would be required by the various types of roles in the organization must be developed. It is important to remember that the competencies not only include hard skills like qualification and work experience, but also soft skills like communication, manners etc. Consider the importance of a candidate’s temperament, motivation, attitude and initiative (Johnson, Rose). Once the list is developed with various types of roles and the competencies required for each role, the next phase is to begin implementing steps enable the organization to have the required employees. To implement strategic HRM, the organization must have a recruitment strategy, training strategy, and compensation planning and employee retention strategy in line with the requirements planned for the future. The company must have a stable recruitment policy which should be able to attract candidates with the kind of competencies required. The recruitment calendar should be of a long term nature where candidates are recruited based on the needs developed in the long term plans and not just a knee jerk reaction to resignation or new store opening. Since Angelo’s Pizza does not have any in house recruitment team, it would be a good idea to outsource this to a hiring agency which would select candidates and after a first  level screening as per requirement of Angelo’s Pizza, would only send the shortlisted candidates for interview directly with Angelo. Currently, Angelo’s Pizza has no training facility and all new joiners are expected to learn on the job. This strategy may work for hourly workers such as waiter who come with prior experience; however, for managers and any recruits with no relevant experience, some training would be required. In line with Angelo’s aim of expanding and eventually using franchising model, training manager will be critical for success. To enable this, Angelo should move out of the role of managing any store full time and concentrate of training all his store managers. Angelo should take charge of training and spend time in each of his stores, giving time to train the managers. The store managers in turn will be responsible for training and guiding other staff members in their stores. For any organization, to retain the best talent, it is important to have a fair and attractive C&B plan as well as other aspects in a comprehensive talent retention strategy. Angelo’s Pizza must have a rating based appraisal where high performers will be given better salary. The company’s talent retention strategy must be focused on trying to keep employees happy at work and offer them career growth opportunities within the organization. For example, having rewards and recognition for good performers will motivate employees to work hard and satisfy high performing employees. Similarly, employees showing high potential can be offered higher education support so that they can move to managerial roles within the organization. 2) After considering the problems faced by Angelo’s Pizza, the following learning objectives seem most suitable: i) LM 3 (Discuss how recruiting strategies impact the competitive advantage of a firm): Angelo’s Pizza is suffering from high turnover and lack of good employees due to its unplanned recruitment policies. Angelo has a very rudimentary recruitment strategy which does not reach out to the right candidate pool and is not able to select the best fitting candidates. To improve its competitiveness, Angelo must have a well developed recruitment strategy. Advertising in two local papers is not enabling Angelo to reach out to the intended audience. He can take the help of hiring agencies to find the right candidates as per the job  profile and put them through a multi level selection process. Employee referrals are also an important tool for recruitment. Also, he must outsource the background verification process to a competent organization. ii) LM 4 (Comment on the relationship between personality and work performance): It is seen from the case, that the job requirements have soft skill requirements which come from a person’s personality. In the restaurant business it is important how employees interact and treat the customers. Therefore, Angelo needs to consider these requirements which designing the hiring profile and recruitment strategy. Also, stress has to be placed on other personal qualities such as honesty and loyalty. Since Angelo’s is worried about theft, the selection process must also take into consideration the candidate’s personality traits. This means that the selection process will have to be muti-tiered consisting of background checks, personal interview and mock situations where the candidate is given realistic situations. iii) LM 7 (Develop and evaluate a performance appraisal tool for a given situation): Angelo’s Pizza has a very high turnover and it is noticed that it is the good employees who are leaving the organization. To reverse this trend, a holistic performance appraisal system should be put in place which recognizes high performers and differentiates them from the others. The high performers should not get frustrated at the job and a performance appraisal system is the first step in identifying these high performers so that strategies can be developed to retain them. The performance appraisal system should be fair and evaluate the employee against the targets set by the manager. There should also be a mechanism where the feedback from customers is collected and used as an input for performance appraisal. iv) LM 8 (Discuss various types of benefits a company could provide employees): Once the appraisal system is in place, compensation and benefits should be variable based on employee performance. As a small organization, Angelo’s Pizza has the flexibility to design C&B as per employee requirements. Small scale, personal involvement and independence all lead to an absence of bureaucracy, creating the SMEs’ reputation of being able to  respond readily to changing circumstances (Brand.2002). For example, for hourly employees, assistance for further education can be a lucrative benefit, while at the same time providing the organization with a higher qualified resource for future managerial position. v) LM 9 (Discuss how corporate strategy can be aligned with HR): The lack of strategic HRM is the core issue affecting Angelo’s Pizza. Corporate strategy should be aligned with HR, so that resource requirements are planned well in advance and there is no shortfall of trained employees when the organization needs them. As Angelo’s Pizza is on a growth track, it must ensure that it has a recruitment and training plan to support the organizational growth. 3) Theft can be a major problem in small organizations because there is lack of control mechanisms and often employees are assigned to multiple tasks which reduce checks and balances. To reduce the problem of material and intellectual theft in the recruitment process, several measures can be adopted. Background verification is perhaps the most important factor which can help weed out candidates who are likely to steal. Angelo’s Pizza can outsource this task to professional agencies which conduct through background checks. These checks should include the candidate’s criminal record, past employment history, credit rating and other social security details. According to the law, a person cannot be discriminated against just because he has a criminal record. However, if the employer can show that the person’s criminal record will hamper his job responsibility, it can weed out such candidates. Attorney Mark Briggs of the Arizona-based Briggs Law Group said the new law forces employers to have a clear connection for why someone’s criminal record makes them unfit for the job they are applying for (Brooks,2014). For example, if a candidate has multiple theft convictions, Angelo’s Pizza may have to show how this would lead to higher chances of theft at job, if they have to disqualify the person. Similarly, a person with regular credit defaults may be under higher financial pressure and hence more likely to steal. Having a recruitment process to avoid intellectual theft is more difficult. Employers should take time to understand their current high performing employees and see what personal attributes have led them to stay at the job. Take the time to find individuals in your organization that have the same or a similar position to the one you are recruiting for (Wheeler, 2004). The interview must check the candidates future aspirations and see if they are in line with growth in the company or not. 4) To check the employee manners in an interview, Angelo can use role plays, where the candidate is given a certain hypothetical situation and has to respond to that situation. For example, Angelo can pretend to be a customer and the candidate must pretend to be a waiter. In this way, Angelo can create potential difficult situations which may arise when a customer is unhappy and check how the candidate responds in the interview. For example, Angelo can take the role of a customer who is unhappy about the food and is in a bad mood. The candidate must act the role of the waiter who will have to calm down the customer and end the situation in a satisfactory manner. Another option, which is less time consuming and can be used as a screening method is to give all the candidates a case study reading a difficult situation where an unruly customer must be calmed down. The candidates should be asked to respond to the situation is writing and mention how they would respond to the situation given in the case. 5) To check if the candidate is ineffective, Angelo must decide which would be primary responsibilities for the job and design the interview to check those competencies. For example, for a cashier, numerical ability is important. Therefore, Angelo can give a numerical question which the candidate must be able to respond to quickly. Check of effectiveness cannot be generalized as different jobs require different skills. One good way to check the candidate’s intelligence level is to give him an aptitude test. Aptitude tests are important because they show the persons mental ability. A person with a high aptitude will generally be able to learn and master new skills more effectively. Angelo can also give candidates some specific task to accomplish like for example, building a Lego model to check their effectiveness. References: Brand, Maryse. (2002). Strategic HRM for SME’s: Implications for Firms and Policy, retrieved on 10/23 from http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.j.brand/e_tj_2002_strategic_hrm.pdf Wheeler, Kevin. (2004). Good Hiring Starts With A Good Job Profile, retrieved on 10/23 from http://www.ere.net/2004/11/10/good-hiring-starts-with-a-good-job-profile/ Johnson, Rose. How to Reduce Employee Turnover by Effective Recruitment in the Hotel Industry, retrieved on 10/23 from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/reduce-employee-turnover-effective-recruitment-hotel-industry-33538.html Brooks, Chad. (2014). Employee Background Checks: What’s Legal, What’s Not, retrieved on 10/23 from http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/6166-why-you-need-to-use-background-checks.html

An Overview of Labeling Theory

An Overview of Labeling Theory Labeling theory states that people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them. It is most commonly associated with the sociology of crime and deviance: labeling and treating someone as criminally deviant can foster deviant behavior. Labeling someone as a criminal, for example, can cause others to treat them more negatively- and the response to being treated more negatively can be in turn for that person to act more negatively. ï » ¿The Origins of Labeling Theory Labeling theory is rooted in the idea of the social construction of reality, which is central to the field of sociology and is linked to the symbolic interactionist perspective. As an area of focus, it flourished within American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologist  Howard Becker. However, its core ideas can be traced back to the work of founding French sociologist  Emile Durkheim. The theory of American sociologist  George Herbert Mead, which focused on the social construction of the self as a process involving interactions with others, was also influential in its development. Others involved in the development of labeling theory and the conduct of research related to it include Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Albert Memmi, Erving Goffman, and David Matza. Overview Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior. It  begins with the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal. Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and correctional institutions. Deviance is therefore not a set of characteristics of individuals or groups, but rather it is a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants and the context in which criminality is being interpreted. To understand the nature of deviance itself, we must first understand why some people are tagged with a deviant label, and others are not. Those who represent forces of law and order and those who enforce the boundaries of what is considered normal behavior, such as the police, court officials, experts, and school authorities, provide the main source of labeling. By applying labels to people, and in the process creating categories of deviance, these people reinforce the power structure of society. Many of the rules that define deviance and the contexts in which deviant behavior is labeled as deviant are framed by the wealthy for the poor, by men for women, by older people for younger people, and by ethnic and racial majorities for minority groups. In other words, the more powerful and dominant groups in society create and apply deviant labels to the subordinate groups. For example, many children engage in activities such as breaking windows, stealing fruit from other people’s trees, climbing into other people’s yards, or playing hooky from school. In affluent neighborhoods, these acts may be regarded by parents, teachers, and police as innocent aspects of the process of growing up. In poor areas, on the other hand, these same activities might be seen as tendencies towards juvenile delinquency, which suggests that differences of class and race play an important role in the process of assigning labels of deviance. Research has shown that Black girls and boys are disciplined more frequently and more harshly by teachers and school administrators than  are their peers of other races, though there is no evidence to suggest that they misbehave more frequently. Similarly, and with much more severe consequences, statistics that show that police kill Black people at a far higher rate than whites, even when they are unarmed and have committed no crime, suggests that the misapplication of deviant labels as a result of racial stereotypes is at play. Once a person is labeled as deviant, it is extremely difficult to remove that label. The deviant person becomes stigmatized as a criminal or deviant and is likely to be considered, and treated, as untrustworthy by others. The deviant individual is then likely to accept the label that has been attached, seeing himself or herself as deviant, and act in a way that fulfills the expectations of that label. Even if the labeled individual does not commit any further deviant acts than the one that caused them to be labeled, getting rid of that label can be very hard and time-consuming. For example, it is usually very difficult for a convicted criminal to find employment after release from prison because of their label as ex-criminal. They have been formally and publicly labeled a wrongdoer and are treated with suspicion likely for the remainder of their lives. Critiques of Labeling Theory One critique of labeling theory is that it emphasizes the interactive process of labeling and ignores the processes and structures that lead to deviant acts. Such processes might include differences in socialization, attitudes, and opportunities, and how social and economic structures impact these. The second critique of labeling theory is that it is still not clear whether or not labeling has the effect of increasing deviant behavior. Delinquent behavior tends to increase following conviction, but is this the result of labeling itself as the theory suggests? It is very difficult to say, since many other factors may be involved, including increased interaction with other delinquents and learning new criminal opportunities. Further Reading Crime and Community  by Frank Tannenbaum (1938)Outsiders  by Howard Becker (1963)The Colonizer and the Colonized  by Albert Memmi (1965)Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control  by Edwin Lemert (1967)Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs  by Paul Willis (1977)Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys  by Victor Rios (2011) Identity  andWomen Without Class: Girls, Race by Julie Bettie (2014)

Free Essays on Johnathan Davis

â€Å"Time has come, to realize what you are, what you’ve done tonight. Time has come, we’ll have something to talk about. I will too.† In the year of 1971, on January 18th, a baby boy by the name of Jonathan Houseman Davis was born to his mother and father, Mr. Rick Davis. Bakersfield, CA was the city and state to become home to such a talented young boy. Jonathan’s biological mother worked in a local theater. His father worked in a music industry, along with other jobs such as working at a local music store when Jon was a young boy. His early childhood was pretty good from birth to the age of 3. When he was 3 his parents divorced. While most children have problems getting used to a new parents Jonathan’s troubles went a deeper. â€Å" Little child, looking so pretty. Come out and play, I’ll be your daddy. Innocent child, looking so sweet. A rape in my eyes and on your flesh I’ll eat.† These lyrics are from the song â⠂¬Å"Daddy.† When he was 5 he took up drumming, and when he was 12 his father remarried, that’s when the troubles went deeper. â€Å"Looking back I was never ever right, you were my step mom who always wanted me out of your sight.† This is a song wrote when his father got remarried, â€Å"kill you† In high school he played piano, and bagpipes, which is one of the things to do when he has free time. He played in the highland high school band and also a bagpipe band. One song that comes to mind when I think about bagpipes would be â€Å"shoots and ladders†, which was one of his first songs that he plays the bagpipes in. It’s a bunch of nursery rhymes combined together for example, â€Å"Mary had a little lamb†, â€Å"blah blah black sheep†, â€Å"nick nack patty wack give a dong a bone.† All tied in together. In school the jock boys would make fun of him, and call him faggots because he wore eyeliner. With them by doing so he wrote the song â€Å"Fagget†. †Hit me ‘cuse I’m strange, hit me, A tatto... Free Essays on Johnathan Davis Free Essays on Johnathan Davis â€Å"Time has come, to realize what you are, what you’ve done tonight. Time has come, we’ll have something to talk about. I will too.† In the year of 1971, on January 18th, a baby boy by the name of Jonathan Houseman Davis was born to his mother and father, Mr. Rick Davis. Bakersfield, CA was the city and state to become home to such a talented young boy. Jonathan’s biological mother worked in a local theater. His father worked in a music industry, along with other jobs such as working at a local music store when Jon was a young boy. His early childhood was pretty good from birth to the age of 3. When he was 3 his parents divorced. While most children have problems getting used to a new parents Jonathan’s troubles went a deeper. â€Å" Little child, looking so pretty. Come out and play, I’ll be your daddy. Innocent child, looking so sweet. A rape in my eyes and on your flesh I’ll eat.† These lyrics are from the song â⠂¬Å"Daddy.† When he was 5 he took up drumming, and when he was 12 his father remarried, that’s when the troubles went deeper. â€Å"Looking back I was never ever right, you were my step mom who always wanted me out of your sight.† This is a song wrote when his father got remarried, â€Å"kill you† In high school he played piano, and bagpipes, which is one of the things to do when he has free time. He played in the highland high school band and also a bagpipe band. One song that comes to mind when I think about bagpipes would be â€Å"shoots and ladders†, which was one of his first songs that he plays the bagpipes in. It’s a bunch of nursery rhymes combined together for example, â€Å"Mary had a little lamb†, â€Å"blah blah black sheep†, â€Å"nick nack patty wack give a dong a bone.† All tied in together. In school the jock boys would make fun of him, and call him faggots because he wore eyeliner. With them by doing so he wrote the song â€Å"Fagget†. †Hit me ‘cuse I’m strange, hit me, A tatto...

CONDOM USE IN KENYA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONDOM USE IN KENYA - Assignment Example The distribution of the visual aids in the brochures will involve the use of famous Kenyan Musicians. Music has been used to create awareness on condom use in adults. The use of famous musicians will attract the attention of several adults thereby leading to increased condom use awareness to several residents of Kisumu. The awareness raising will be done through road shows and vernacular radio talk shows. Vernacular Radio talk shows will be effective in reaching adults in the remote rural areas who cannot be accessed through road transport. Importantly, local and famous musicians who understand the native language will be appropriate in delivering the message to the adults who may not be able to read and understand English and Kiswahili (national languages). The visual aids should have the information concerning right and consistent use of condoms, consequences of not using condoms, and the perceived barriers. Members of the public must lean how to use condoms correctly. Most adults normally use condoms in the first sex encounter but later ignore the usage. In addition, women must also be made aware of their role in making decisions concerning condom use. Women must ensure that men use condoms whenever they engage in sex. The Health Belief Model suggests that simple knowledge and awareness about HIV will not necessarily reduce risky behavior that lead to high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Every individual must know that he or she is susceptible to the virus. In addition, individuals must learnt HIV infection is a serious health hazard, and learn the benefits of taking preventive actions. Consequently, individuals must learn that potential barriers to taking preventive action are outweighed by potential benefits (Volk and Koopman, np). The use of local and famous musicians in delivering the message ensures that local perceptions are explained. These musicians are more familiar with the culture of Kisumu people; communication of culture bias

Tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example However, like in any other industry, the value of CSR in tourism operations has not been practiced universally though recognized by industry players in recent years. One of the main reasons for the limited practice is the view that it is often considered non-essential in operations or is a secondary financial and operational priority (Campbell, 2006). At the same time, most management principles designed for the industry are focused on direct clients and sustainability has only become a recent priority for the industry (Voultsaki, 2000). Henderson (2007) points out however that recent global events, such as the Indian Ocean tsunami, have greatly challenged this viewpoint. The realization is that as tourism industries have become more significant for economies and become more accessible to global markets, it is impacting social interactions, communications and collaborations in a similar scale. In a study developed by Weaver and Lawton (2004), the concern that tourism is affecting local communities negatively developed from the limited insight on how visitor's movements and activities can change social, political and cultural dynamics. Though tourism generally boosts local economies, it also increases the demand for social services, potential for crime and victimization and environmental stress (Voultsaki, 2000). The scale of tourism has been increased dramatically by innovations communication transportation and has challenged even long-established tourist hot spots to deal with the influx of visitors (Henderson, 2007). Though many of the issues have been dealt with effectively as they developed, there was also the realization the most efforts were reactive rather than responsive to the developing needs of tourism industries. Thus, the initiative to improve industry sustainability concepts and practices became a major area of interest for research and management. According to Campbell (2006), one of the challenges for the adaptation of CSR principles is communicating effectively that the quantified costs of CSR programs are justified. Since CSR-based or initiated program benefits can not be justified directly by quantitative measures, the cost-benefit analysis often negates implementation. Though companies may be able to have fiscal justification, Henderson (2007) points out that such perspectives do not only diminish the social involvement and participation of company and ultimately lessen not only their own social value but the rest of the industry as well. This in turn can compromise public support for tourism initiatives or create deterrents to the development of policies and regulations for the industry. From the other end of the spectrum the when companies adapt CSR philosophies, the state and the community are able mitigate or regulate corporate social power which may be pervading particularly in the case of large multinational operat ors in least developed countries (Whitehouse, 2003; UNCTAD, 2002). Thus, in establishing their social relevance and concern, tourism operators are able to maintain socio-political