Reducing Symptoms in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder Through

Reducing Symptoms in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder Through Drug handlingBulimia nervosa is a chronic psychiatric disorder that haunts the lives of many modern women. The disorder is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by some riddle of purging. The purging usually involves self-induced vomiting and can cause great damage to the body. Persons diagnosed with binge-eating syndrome nervosa have a loss of control over these behaviors. Affecting the lives of 3-5% of young women, bulimia is a problem that is spinning out of control and nothing seems to be able to stop it. Binge eating disorder is another psychiatric disease that causes problems for many people. In this disorder, persons binge frequently but do not attempt to compensate for their eating by using purging techniques such(prenominal) as those used by persons suffering from bulimia nervosa. There are many types of treatments that attempt to mitigate the symptoms of bulimia and binge eating disorder. But what causes the binges in binge eating disorder and what causes the binge-purge cycle in bulimics? How can the symptoms of these disorders be reduced or eliminated? If the causes of these behaviors are discovered, the behaviors can be reduced. There are several(prenominal) therapies that have proven to be fairly effective in treating persons diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Drug therapy has made great advances in recent years and goes straight to the bag of the problem. Drug therapy attempts to uncover the biological causes of the symptoms of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.A discovery made recently found that there is an inverse correlation among women with bulimia between the frequency of binge-eating and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of the major ser... ...very effective. This manual should be researched and developed further because not only can people civilize themselves, but therapists can have more time to focus on deeper problems and on patients who do not respond well to such therapies. Works CitedHartman, Boyd K., Faris, Patricia L. give-and-take of Bulimia Nervosa With Odansetron. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 54 969-970.Hudson, James I., McElroy, Susan L. Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 155 1756-1762.Rissanen, Aila., Naukkarinen, Hannu. Fluoxetine Normalizes Increased Cardiac Vagal regulate in Bulimia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 18 26-32.Treasure, Janet., Schmidt, Ulrike. Sequential Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa Incorporating a Self-Care Manual. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 168 94-98.

The Different Places in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching G

The Different Places in Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching GodIts amazing that maven state can have within it places that differ greatly in all aspectspeople, surrounding, weather, and feeling. Zora Neale Hurston exemplifies this phenomenon in Their Eyes Were Watching God. There are a deal of differences between Eatonville, FL and the Everglades each place represents a certain theme or feeling to Janie (the main character) and their differences each contribute to the meaning of the novel as a whole. Eatonville is just hours away from the Everglades so it seems that these two places must have something in common, especially if theyre in the same book, but they dont unless you itemize Janie living in both places as something similar. While Janie is married to Joe Starks in Eatonville, she loses her sense of self. Joe makes her wear her hair up and shes treated as if shes Joes servant, not wife. This is much different than the treatment she gets in the Everglades with Tea C ake. Tea Cake allows her to be his peer and be herself. Janie is tied down in Eatonvi...

Chaucers Use of Courtly Love Essay -- essays papers

Chaucers Use of Courtly LoveChaucers Use of Courtly LoveChaucer admired and made use of the medieval courtly turn in chat up tradition, although he did not fully buy into it. The courtly respect code is based on the woman as the center of attention. The medieval dub suffers greatly for his come, who is often someone elses wife. He will do anything to protect and honor her, remaining faithful at all costs. Adultery and secrecy characterize these relationships. The knight views a woman and experiences admittedly love. The knight fears that he will never be accepted by his love therefore, she is worshiped at a distance. Elements of courtly love can be seen in both The tidings of the Duchess and The Knights Tale. In The Book of the Duchess the Black Knight represents the courtly love character, who falls hopelessly in love with Lady White. Following the courtly love tradition, Lady White becomes the most important thing in the Black Knights life. He describes her as the one tru e love that struck his eye with utter beauty.Among these ladies fair and bright,Truly one there struck my sight,Unlike the others, I declare,Because for certain I can swanThat, as the sun of summer brightIs fairer, clearer, has more lightThan any other planet in heaven,More than the Moon, or the starry seven,Just so for all the world did she Surpass those others utterlyIn beauty, courtesy and grace,In radiant modesty of face, Fine bearing, virtue every way-What more, thus briefly, can I say? (lines 816-830)The courtly love tradition brings a powerful romance to The Book of the Duchess. The Black Knight has found his true love however, she has died. Her death is his deepes... ...urns masked so that he can remain in contact with Emelye. Arcite has suffered and has expressed regret for his suffering. Allas, the wo allas, the peynes stronge,That I for yow have suffered, and so longe (lines 1913,14).This too is untypical of the courtly love romance. The self-centered passion of Pala mon and Arcite distracts the proofreader from any true feelings of love. The knights view love in a barbaric way. Chaucer strays from the courtly love pattern to show the reader how selfish love and lovers can be. The courtly love romance tradition was widely used by Chaucer. However, Chaucer did not fully embrace this code. In The Book of the Duchess and The Knights Tale, Chaucer uses aspect of the courtly ideal. His absence of certain characteristics and elements of the code leaves the reader thinking, and interpreting on his/her own.

The Communications Decency Act :: essays research papers

The Communications Decency Act     The Communications Decency Act that was signed into law by electric chairClinton over a year ago is clearly in need of serious revisions due, not only toits vagueness, but mostly due to the fact that the administration is infringing onour freedom of speech, may it be improper or not. The Communications DecencyAct, also know by profit users as the CDA, is an Act that aims to removeindecent or dangerous text, lewd images, and other things deemed inappropriatefrom public areas of the net. The CDA is mainly out to protect children.     In the beginning, the anonymity of the Internet caused it to become a haven for the free trading of pornography. This is mainly what gives theInternet a bad name. There is also information on the Net that could be harmfulto children. Information on how to make home-made explosives and similar infosuch as The Jolly Rodgers and the Anarchists Cookbook are easily obtained onthe Net . Pedophiles (people attracted to child porn) also have a throw in to hideon the Internet where nobody has to know their real name. As the average age ofthe Internet user has started to drop, it has became apparent that something hasto be done or so the pornography and other inappropriate info on the net.     On February 1, 1995, Senator Exon, a Democrat from Nebraska, and SenatorGorton, a Republican from Washington, introduced the first bill towardsregulating online porn. This was the first prosopopoeia of theTelecommunications Reform Bill.     On April 7, 1995, Senator Leahy, a Democrat from Vermont, introducesbill S714. Bill S714 is an alternative to the Exon/Gorton bill. This billcommissions the Department of Justice to study the problem to see if speciallegislature (such as the CDA) is even necessary.     The Senate passed the CDA as attached to the Telecomm reform bill onJune 14, 1995 with a vote of 84-16. The Lea hy bill does not pass, but issupported by 16 Senators that actually understand what the Internet is. Sevendays later, several prominent House members publicly announce their oppositionto the CDA, including Newt Gingrich, Chris Cox, and Ron Wyden. On family 26,1995, Senator Russ Feingold urges committee members to drop the CDA from theTelecommunications Reform Bill.     On Thursday, February 1, 1996, Congress passed (House 414-9, Senate 91-5) the Telecommunications Reform Bill, and attached to it the CommunicationsDecency Act. This day was known as "Black Thursday" by the Internet community.One week later, it was signed into law by President Clinton on Thursday,February 8, 1996, also known as the "Day of Protest.

Orhan Seyfi Ari :: History

Orhan Seyfi Ari An Idealist and Visionary (1918-1992) A luminary to so many teachers(Editorial in Halkin Sesi of 27 December 1992)A School Teachers countenance on Educational History, Teaching, Social CultureOf those who wrote about him in English/American, in Turkish, in Greek book-magazine-newspaper articles and officially and privately (in England, Cyprus, Australia).. to a poet he was a star in his poem, to a columnist an eminent school, to an author a remarkable man, to an editor a defender of liberties, to a writer an honour to deport known, and to a researcher Such nice things I have heard about him... To the Secretary of State for Education he was the teacher of teachers inscribed on his tomb, a university professors condolences from Turkey were to his nation who in his honour named a street after him. Orhan Ari was born in Lapithiou -Paphos, in the, at the time, British colony of Cyprus.. after completing his secondary and high-school education in Nicosia, and upon qualify ing through Morphou Teachers Training College, he also studied agriculture With a slap-up interest in his continuing professional emergence through courses and seminars, and as to the rest mostly self-educated, he has left his unmistakeable mark in the educational, cultural, ethical, social, progress and development of Cyprus. He had been a secondary school teacher, a head teacher, a lecturer an occasional columnist, in his personal circle of friends also a debater, mystic, poet.. in retirement he was invited overseas to inspect schools, and to give talks to cultural organisations He was a true and courageous leader of both pupils and peoples his extraordinary motivation skills had made him a choice of the British for the pioneering educational and socio-cultural development of many of the countrys peoples, and popular in both the Turkish and Greek communities having taught at also British schools pupils varying from Armenian to English etc., also after political independence, whi le later in the course of his communitys adapting to the Turkish system of education (as may be suggested by some of his symbolic poems) he appears to have been officially perhaps less appreciated, upon his peacefully passing international as a cleric of a couple of years in his retirement to make ends meet, the press having praised also his patriotism, the Leader of the Parliament of the Turkish commonwealth of North Cyprus described him as having made both the state and the nation proud as A successful modern educator.

Orhan Seyfi Ari :: History

Orhan Seyfi Ari An Idealist and Visionary (1918-1992) A luminary to so many teachers(Editorial in Halkin Sesi of 27 December 1992)A School Teachers Mark on Educational History, Teaching, Social CultureOf those who wrote about him in English/American, in Turkish, in Greek book-magazine-newspaper articles and officially and privately (in England, Cyprus, Australia).. to a poet he was a champ in his poem, to a columnist an eminent school, to an author a remarkable man, to an editor a defender of liberties, to a writer an honour to have known, and to a researcher Such nice things I have heard about him... To the Secretary of State for Education he was the teacher of teachers inscribed on his tomb, a university professors condolences from Turkey were to his nation who in his honour named a street after him. Orhan Ari was born in Lapithiou -Paphos, in the, at the time, British addiction of Cyprus.. after completing his secondary and high-school education in Nicosia, and upon qualifying t hrough Morphou Teachers Training College, he similarly studied agriculture With a keen please in his continuing professional development through courses and seminars, and as to the rest mostly self-educated, he has left his unmistakeable mark in the educational, cultural, ethical, social, progress and development of Cyprus. He had been a secondary school teacher, a head teacher, a lecturer an occasional columnist, in his personal circle of friends also a debater, mystic, poet.. in privacy he was invited overseas to inspect schools, and to give talks to cultural organisations He was a true and courageous leader of both pupils and peoples his extraordinary motivating skills had do him a choice of the British for the pioneering educational and socio-cultural development of many of the countrys peoples, and popular in both the Turkish and Greek communities having taught at also British schools pupils varying from Armenian to English etc., also after political independence, while lat er in the course of his communitys adapting to the Turkish dust of education (as may be suggested by some of his symbolic poems) he appears to have been officially perhaps less appreciated, upon his peacefully passing away as a cleric of a couple of years in his retirement to make ends meet, the press having praised also his patriotism, the Leader of the Parliament of the Turkish Republic of sum Cyprus described him as having made both the state and the nation proud as A successful modern educator.

Community Meeting Review Essay

For my project I visited the metropolis of Hesperias Official Website and reviewed the April 1, 2014 City Council Meeting which is available to the public on line. The beginning of the conflict started with a battle cry of order then proceeded to the roll call of the board fellow members. After these steps had interpreted place an invocation was performed followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. I have never heard of a prayer referred to as an invocation and it prompted me to review the words definition, a public request for guidance, good will, good wishes, and good things. (Wikipedia). I was precise pleased to see that the council members have chosen prayer as guidance followed by the pledge of allegiance, a leadership respectful of God and Country. The official members give up were Mayor Thurston Smitty Smith, Mayor Pro Tem Eric Schmidt, Council Members Russell Blewett, Bill Holland, and Mike Leonard. Agenda revisions and announcements were provided by the urban center clerk f ollowed by a closed sessions report given by the City Attorney.Prior to the main agenda announcements and presentations were provided recognizing public lodge in groups which included A certificate of recognition for the Desert Winds Quilt Guild, a proclamation for matter Volunteer Week, a proclamation for Fair Housing Week, followed by a presentation of the community events calendar provided by Rachel Molina the citys community dealing and media coordinator. At this time a request for public comments was made and instructions were provided to those present in regards to time limits per individual. This forum provides an interface for the public with the City Council and the Municipality fragments which do non typically respond or engage with the presenters but collect the information and provide for a method of follow up from city staff. The offshoot person called to speak was Jennifer Mayo, who discussed road conditions related to her residence and its poor state of repair w hich has affected her and her family.The second person called to speak was Jeff Randall who began his discussion with a quote of trust and respect referring to an issue of code enforcement and fees levied against his property in the amount of $3,500.00. Mr. Randall described the issue in detail, in which he could not meet the original deadline of the code violation due to a tenant that needed to be removed from the property and requested an extension to resolve the violation. He was verbally provided an extension and was told to just handlethe situation and no fees would be imposed. He trusted the individual representing the city to stand by his word and not to impose any fees until he had the chance to resolve the situation which did not happen. Mr. Randall is requesting the assistance of the council members to resolve the financial burden imposed upon him.The next person called was Jessica Davidson who was accompanied by Veronica Sanders and were from the Cancer Society, repres enting a fundraiser called Relay for Life. Their purpose for presenting was to invite the City Council and its attendees to an up advent 24-hour event. The council did respond to these presenters, stating that they will be attending this event as a team and additionally asked the presenters to return to the next council venue where they will be given a proclamation (recognition) for their public efforts. The next person called was Jennifer Shaw a representative from Southern California Edison. The purpose for her presentation was to introduce Julie Gilbert, her replacement who is also employed with Southern California Edison. This seemed to be a professional address provided by the utility firm.Al Vougler was the last presenter to be called and spoke about concerns related to the City of Hesperias recent lease of water allocations from the Rancho weewee District totaling 1300 acre feet. Mr. Vougler regardd that even though the purchase rate of $382.50 per acre foot seemed common sensible that the Citys water district should be approaching residents much same himself that have unused water allocations at a reduced price. Mr. Vougler believed that this would be a combined benefit for the City and its residents. The City Manager did provide a general response to Mr. Vougler in an attempt to define the characteristics of water classifications and there overall values which was followed by the City Attorney who provided further comparisons of water and values. The skirmish continued with the Joint Consent Calendar, the acquiesce calendar is a grouping of routine matters to be acted on in one motion. There were six items considered and recommended actions taken anywhere from issues related to utilities to professional services.At the end of this presentation it was open to public hearing providing any concerned resident an opportunity to speak. This was followed by consent ordinances which city staff members began to speak about Community Development Block Gra nt (CDBG) and its draft citizen participation plan for years 2015-2019. This was followed by an ordinance for the polite Plaza which would limit the use ofskateboards, bicycles, and leashed animals during special events held at this location. Following these issues the council would make a decision which would be placed on record for public view. recent business was proposed where an approval of long ranged property management was projected, but they motioned to push this event forward to the next meeting due to the absence of a council member who was more familiar with the issue. A final request to those attending to be heard was made leading to the council committees reports and comments.Each council member was provided the opportunity to give a final presentation in regards to the events that had taken place. Council member Holland had genuinely nice things to say in reference to Jennifer Mayo and her courage for coming to the meeting and addressing her concerns. Mrs. Mayo had mentioned earlier that she was on a fools errand in reference to her attempt to share her road concerns and Mr. Holland reassured her that her attempts were not imprudent. The city staff will diligently look for funds to improve the road conditions for the City of Hesperia. I was precise impressed by the comments made by Mr. Holland during the meeting and at its closure. He was less formal and made everyone feel welcome and I would say the same for council member Blewett and Mayor Smith. Mayor Pro Tem Schmidt had near disparaging comments in reference to Mr. Randalls code enforcement issues and felt he had made erroneous claims to the council.I felt this was a bit unbecoming of Schmidt especially in his role as Pro Tem (vice mayor). I believe he should be more considerate to those that address the council in a fair and reasonable manner. The city attorney seemed very cold and matter of situation which is probably typical of all legal personnel. I was quite pleased with this loca l government, they were very informal and very endearing. I believe that the city council is very attentive to their local residence and businesses that they are serving and operate in the best interest of everyone. Economically there was concern over budget constraints especially for those related to road improvements, monies were approved for the CDGB plan which is a joint activity between the city and the community development groups. It was interesting that there were a lot of legal concerns related to the councils operation and their decision development and was quoted several times during the proceedings.I would manage to make note that the city staff often referred to but never specifically identified have a great behind the scenes responsibility inresearching all the necessary regulatory requirements related to the operation of this committee. This experience has actually peaked my interest in local politics I like the fact that it is approachable compared to national polit ics which is not interested in personal opinion only those provided by an elected official. I dont believe local government to be any more efficient than national government, there may be fewer constraints within local government that suffer be resolved at a much faster pace. I found the public presentation to be very interesting, all of the presenters seemed to be very informative and well spoken. I was drawn to Mr. Vouglers water concerns which led me to do further research in reference to water rights. I was incognizant that residence had water allocations available for re-sale.I went to the Mojave Water agencies website to learn about their responsibilities and for clarification of local water rights. In doing so I learned that they observe all the water allocations throughout the High Desert including Municipalities and residents. It was true what the City Manager had told Mr. Vougler in regards to the value of his water rights. Due to the waters agricultural component the re -sale of the product to a Municipality is 75% that of a re-sale from another commercial water holder. This is why Mr. Vouglers water was valued at $275.00 versus $382.00. In a sensation it has the equivalent dollar value when purchased by the Municipality such as the City of Hesperia. When the council responded to Mr. Vougler they responded accurately and I felt they were very respectful in doing so.Works CitedAgenda. City of Hesperia. Council Chambers, (01 April 2014). Web. (01 May 2014). http//www.cityofhesperia.us/archive.aspxInvocation. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., (08 April 2014). Web. (01 May 2014). http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InvocationWater Transfer Types. Mojave Water Agency, Web. (01 May 2014). http//www.mojavewater.org/water_transfer_forms.html

Food and Beverage Essay

* Food and Beverage service is the viands and beverage flow (from the purchasing of the foods to service to the customer) mainly concerned with the delivery and presentation of the food to customer, after completion of the food production. * Sometimes, it involves transportation if there is a separation of production and service facilities. Beverage * French bevrage, from boivre (to drink), from Latin bibo . * It is also verbalise to be derived from the Latin word Bever meaning rest or repose from the work. * The term beverage refers to all kinds of potable drinks which have thirst quenching, refreshing, stimulating, and nourishing properties.* whatsoever potable( drinkable) liquid can be termed as beverage which regulates the stomach system and balances the pH level. * Beverages are consumed mainly to quench thirst , compensate loss of remains fluid due to perspiration, feel fresh and active, as rituals, during social gatherings, and during and after eating. * Broadly beverage c an be classified into two ways 1. torrent Beverage 2. Non- Alcoholic Beverage What is Alcoholic Beverage? * Alcohol is a colorless, odorless and volatile liquid. * It is a potable liquid containing ethyl alcohol or ethanol(C2H5OH) of 0. 5 per cent more by volume.* The percentage of alcohol in a drink varies from 0. 5 to 95 per cent , depending upon the method of preparation. * Alcohol is obtained by fermenting a liquid containing sugar. * The word alcohol came from the Arabic word al-kohl which referred to any fine powder that was applied to essences obtained by distillation by the alchemists of mediaeval Europe. Fermentation is the process in which a liquid containing sugar is acted upon by yeast which converts the sugar into alcohol and gives off carbon dioxide. * E. g. Grape juice- Wine * orchard apple tree Juice- Cider * Pear Juice- Perry.* Distillation is the process of separating elements in a liquid by vaporization and condensation. * During the distillation process of alc oholic beverages, the alcohol which is present in the fermented liquid(alcoholic wash) is separated from water. * Spirits are the examples of distilled drinks and the plants producing the spirits are known as distilleries. * The following wash are responsible for particular spirits which are as following * Brandy- fermented grape juice * Gin, Whisky- fermented cereals * Tequila- fermented sap of Agave Tequilana weber * Rum- fermented molasses * Vodka- fermented potatoes or cereal.

Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events

Describe c erstpt of faunal succession and use of fogys in correlational statistics and in the subdivision of state history. -Principle of Faunal Succession Strata of Eke age faeces be recognized by the fossils they contain flat if the come come incrops of strata argon separated by rangy spaces geographic eithery, this only works because species construct evolved through cartridge holder C older plaster casts of life die out and new forms develop -using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geologic time Is the science of physiotherapyD. Recognize the qualities that make fossils useful in physiotherapy. Physiotherapy each fossil species is said to draw a range through geological time 0 it exists in the geological record from the point that it evolves to the point that it becomes extinct E. Identify important historical figures in the development of stereography and physiotherapy. Archbishop of Armada, James guidebook (1581-1665) calculated the flat c oat to be 6000 years old by adding up all the dates mentioned in the Bible and arrived at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the creation of planet Earth (hard to accept by some(prenominal) people) -Late asses and asses scientists started to conclude that the Earth Is ancient and had undergone much change throughout Its history. This George Xavier (1769-1832) examined the remains of mammoths in europium concluding they were a once living species that had become extinct F.Appreciate the eggshell of changes that can occur over geological time photographic plates. Geological time scale to represent the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were used to correlate between different regions and characterize particular periods of Earths history -Today we have a time scale that divides and bedsides Earths 4. 6 billion years into various time periods G. List some of the major(ip) subdivisions/ ages of the geological time scale and appreciate the relative scale between th e Phonetics and the Precambrian.This is due to an extraordinary proliferation of fossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. -Most creatures with hard parts like shells, teeth, and internal skeletons evolved here as they fossil much more readily than soft-bodied creatures -In growth to an increasing biodiversity as new species evolved, many of the new hard part creatures would more readily form fossils. H. discover how quenching lawsuits ar linked to the structure of the geological time call. Eras are broad subdivisions that are particularly noteworthy as they represent a classify of geological periods. They represent times when there has been a major change in the Earths biosphere. -The base of the Phonetics is defined by the emergence of creatures with hard parts. -The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic is based on the emergence of new species following a mass extinguishing at the top of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic respectively. -The base of all periods is defined on the emergence of radiation of new species l.List some of the major developments in the history of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earths species mustiness be lost 2) It must be across a broad range of geologies, not restricted to any one niche. 3) It must have misfortunate/sudden duration (around 1 million years maximum) K. List the Big Five mass liquidation veritable(a)ts and their order through time. 1) Cretaceous / Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late -errants, 205 Ma 3) Perm / Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Distinguish between broad extinction-producing phenomena. ) Biological causes Organisms being brought together that once lived in isolation can cause mass extinctions (ex. Many of the bare-ass Zealand ground dwelling bird fauna were devastated when human hunters and then later European mammals (cats, rats, dogs) were introduced) -The three main modes of biologically induced extinctions a. Comp etition between creatures occupying the same ecological niche b. (Excessive) Predation Predators do not have to do the integral Job, Just drive a population to a low enough level then random extinction can complete the extinction.The idea butt joint a random extinction is that, although the number of individuals in a species may grow and the species may spread over a wide area, thing ensures the lasting survival of a species. C. Pathogens disease being introduced to an area by incoming plants or animals 2) Earth-based causes Extinctions influenced by Earth-based tectonic processes may be caused by changes in Continental configuration or changes in atmospheric composition a. Changes in continental configuration changes in the distribution of continents can have a profound execution.Two major effects of continental configurations -Changes in climate, ocean cyclist, sea level. Weather patterns and the movement of the oceans are directly linked to the distribution of continents. The Late Ordination extinction -The great the landmass the lower the diversity. At the moment we have a relatively high biodiversity. This is in part due to the number of continents that are in effect isolated from one another. In times when there is a high degree of continental fragmentation, evolution can proceed in isolation to plead many different species on different landmasses.If plate tectonics cause the formation of a large interconnected land mass there result be more competition between species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/ Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the atmosphere volcanic activity can besides have severe effects. Gases such as coulomb dioxide can cause greenhouse warming and aerosols may cause climatic cooling. These can significantly locomote the health of the biota c. Extraterrestrial shams d. Combination of many factors it is very unlikely that any one factor would be responsible for a global crisis in the biosphere.M. Describe the late Ordination an d Perm-Triassic extinction. -Late Ordination Australia, moves towards the South Pole during the late Ordination causing a severe ice age. As piss was locked up in the form of glaciers at the Southern Pole, sea level fell. This may have had a severe effect on creatures that live in the shallow water, lose to the continental margins. As the sea retreated off the continental shelf and into the ocean basis shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated. The Perm / Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma) At the end of the Permian, plate tectonics had brought all the continents together to form the super continent of Pangaea -Between 95-98% of all species would go into extinction -It hit both ocean- and land-based ecosystems and was less than 1 million years in duration -Many of the common Paleozoic marine creatures would suffer badly through this extinction including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids.On land, large amphibians and mammal-like reptiles wou ld be badly effected. -Potential causes of the Perm / Triassic extinction (involves a number of events happening at the same time) 1) Continental configuration drop in biodiversity. The greater the landmass the greater the competition between species. At the end of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or all lands would have brought many species into direct competition. 2) Sea level capitulation less ocean ridge activity.Sea floor spreading slowed its pace during the Permian, resulting that the oceanic ridges were smaller in size and displaced less water. Consequently oceans retreated from shallow areas into the deeper drainage area causing problems for creatures that lived in any remaining shallow marine environments. 3) Oceanic stagnation The close of the formation of Pangaea saw the end of an ice age. Cold diametral waters probably disappeared and ocean circulation slowed or stopped. This would have reduced ventilation of deep ocean waters killing off many deeper marine species.In addition occasional overturn of stagnant water could have brought oxygen poor waters to shallower marine communities as well. 4) Climate change Due to the formation of a large landmass, limited would have been much drier and subject to drought. 5) Siberian Traps massive volcanic activity in Russia Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic lava were produced inside a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic activity and methane caused by melting of gas hydrates would have resulted in greenhouse warming of the planet.In addition, gas emission from volcanoes would have also produced acid rain effects. 6) Possible seismic disturbances Although still very controversial, it is possible that the Earth suffered impacts from space during this time as well. N. Describe the character of extinctions at the K/Peg boundary. Just as the end of the Permian extinction marked the beginning of a new grouping of periods (the Mesozoic) the end of the Cretaceous extinction is likewise so dist inct that it marks the beginning of the latest grouping of periods, the Cenozoic. Characteristics 1) Over 50% of all species on the planet would go into extinction during the k/Peg extinction event 2) One land, few creatures over 25 keg in weight would survive 3) In general, the extinction was even more severe in the oceans with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into extinction -A ether and son scientific team, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg extinction crosses the K/Peg boundary in Gobi, Italy.The I-CM clay layer lies directly on top of the latest Cretaceous rocks and was found to be enriched in the element iridium (very rare at the Earths come and yet in this layer was enriched over xx above background 0 has now been recorded in many other sections around the orb that straddle the Cretaceous. Polygene boundary) -Iridium is cognise to exist in higher concentrations in extra-terrestrial determinations such as asteroids. Olivarez suggested that he clay layer enriched in iridium has been produced by a meteor or comet over 10 km in diameter impacting the Earth.He suggested further that this impact may have also been responsible for the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. O. Discuss the evidence used to support the K/Peg impact. 1) Fern spores vs.. Pollen Ferns are often the first plants to colonize a landscape that has been devastated by fire. In the earliest Polygene (part of what was formerly called the Tertiary), many areas show an increase in fern spores relative to pollen. This suggests that global forest fires may have raged at the end of the Cretaceous paving material a landscape open for ferns to spread.This is further supported by high concentrations of soot found around the K/Peg boundary. 2) Tektites they are thought to be produced during an impact event and they are composed of natural gas. During impact, rock is melted and ejected form the crater. As it snuff its through the air a nd cools, it forms characteristic aerodynamic shapes. Many tektites are found at the K/Peg boundary in many different perspectives, suggesting a massive impact event. 3) Shocked quartz In many sections around the K/Peg boundary, fragments of the mineral quartz show evidence of multiple fractures.These fractures are thought to be produced when rock is shattered during a high-energy impact. The fragments are called shocked quartz. 4) Tsunami deposits Tsunami waves leave characteristic sedimentary deposits on inundated shores and as far inland as the waves reach. This feature was found in Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, and the Carolinas suggesting the passage of an enormous wave, far larger than could have been produced by standard tectonic processes.Such a wave could have been generated if an impact had occurred in the ocean. P. Describe the location and probable nature of the K/Peg impact. The distribution of tektites, iridium, shocked quartz, and other potential impact link features was pointing towards a possible centre of activity in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. An oil company had drilled wells in the area and encountered unusual fractures and even melted rock suggesting the area had been subjected to some form of extreme stress. The bearing of a crater was finally confirmed when geophysical data revealed a large circular disturbance over km in diameter, the Clubbing preserve Crater -The object responsible for this crater had a shallow angle of entry around 0-30 degrees and is estimated to have been at least 10 km across. -As an analogy, you can think of something the size of Mount Everest hitting the fold up of the planet. The energy released by the impact was equivalent to 6. Axes tons of TNT. An estimated 100 kamala of rock was vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Material that wasnt at once vaporized was thrown out of the crater (the ejects) and Q.Describe the initial and long-term effects of the impact and their environmental consequences. 1) Initial effects (seconds to days) of the impact in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula were significant a. Everything close by would have been vaporized b. The intense heat form the blast and the hot debris (including tektites) would have started massive forest fires as suggested by the fern and pollen data c. As the impact occurred partly in the ocean, a massive tsunami would have been generated 2) Longer-term effects (months to decades) of the impact were numerous.Two significant effects were on global temperature and on atmospheric composition. A. Global temperature changes -Dust thrown into the atmosphere would have shut off sunlight for weeks or perhaps months generating a period of cold (a Cold sign, lasting weeks to months. The lack of sunlight would also have had severe consequences for plants and photosynthetic algae. -After the dust had settled, water vapor would have remained in the atmosphere acting as a blanket, preventing heat from escaping the Earth. This would have c reated a greenhouse effect and caused a rise in global temperature. Eventually the excess water vapor would be removed by rainfall. However, the temperature of the Earth would continue to rise due to the release of greenhouse gases during impact (a Hot House), lasting years to decades. In particular, carbon dioxide would have been liberated when large quantities of limestone (calcium carbonate, Cacao) would have vaporized during the impact. -The Mesozoic had in general been a warm equable environment. These swings in temperature would have laced a lot of stress on creatures more used to stable climatic conditions. . Acid Rain -High-energy blasts can cause oxygen to combine with nitrogen to form oxides of nitrogen. When these are dissolved in water (ex. Rainfall), it becomes nitric acid. -In addition to the vaporization of limestone as described in (a) above, rocks called evaporates were also vaporized in the blast. Evaporates form when salts decrease out of solution as the sun evap orates a carcass of water. This can occur on a vast scale, for example in the Mediterranean Sea, which is closed in(p) off at the Strait of Gibraltar.With virtually no input of water from the Atlantic Ocean, high rates of evaporation resulted in the Sea being born-again into a vast sultan. This process had also occurred in the Yucatan area. The effect of high-energy blasts on sulfate-rich evaporates is the release of large amounts of sulfur gases. These gases, when dissolved in rainwater, fall to Earth as sulfuric acid. Although the acidity of the nitric- and sulfuric- containing rain was weak and could probably not affect any large animals directly, they would have been affected the acidity of soil and surface ocean.This would have had a devastating effect on plant life and plankton. Thus, the effects from acid rain on the organisms that form the base of the food range of mountains or food web had serious repercussions for all the creatures at higher atrophic levels. R. Conside r other potential causes of the K/Peg environmental consequences. -Some scientists remain convinced that another impact at the K/Peg boundary (perhaps not loud have been significantly larger than the Clubbing impact, but impacts would not have been the only cause.Some factors may be -During the late Cretaceous, the superscription of Pangaea was starting to fragment. This would have caused changes in oceanic circulation and climate. -Even more significantly, global climate would have been affected by an increase in volcanic activity, in particular, during the formation of the Decca Traps in India, which were highly active at this time. Like the Siberian Traps that occurred at the end of the Permian, this activity would have reduced vast quantities of gases that could have seriously affected the Earths climate.S. Describe the type and location of potential impostors and rate of meteor influx. 1) Comets are essentially material left wing over from the formation of the solar System and are composed of icy material and other debris effectively dirty snowballs in space. As comets travel towards the Sun, the ices vaporize producing the comets tail. -Two examples of comets are comet Halley, which comes into sketch of the Earth every 74-79 years, and comet Hale-Bop that was last seen in the night toss away in 1997 and will turn in 2380 years. An annual event is the Leonie Meteor Shower, which is visible in Canadian skies in November. This rain of shooting stars is produced as the Earth passes through the debris left behind by comet Temple-Tuttle as it battlegrounds around the sun -There are two comet stores in the Solar System a) The Keeper belt exists in an area from nearly the orbit of Neptune to about 50 auks out (1 AU = 150 million km) -May contain 1 billion (1 x IOWA) comets that are greater than km in diameter. ) The Root cloud is a cloud of comets that exists way beyond the Keeper belt and is only Oakley associated with our sun -May have more than 200 come ts with a diameter greater than 500 km with many smaller but still significant in size -It is interesting to note that comets may have been responsible for bringing much of the water and perhaps some of the organic compounds that would lead to the development of life of Earth 2) angulates are mostly found in a belt between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.It is speculated that they may represent the material that might have formed another planet early in the history of the Solar System if it were not for the gravitative effects of Jupiter. Some asteroids are solid, rocky to metallic while others are little more than rubble piles in space. Collisions between asteroids could potentially cause them to be redirected into Earth-crossing orbits. Of those so far mapped, a few are over km in diameter, about 1000 have diameters greater than 30 km and 1 million (alexia) with diameters over 1 km T.List some of the major impact features preserved on the Earths surface and explain why impact crat ers appear to be rare on Earth. -Around 100 billion (IXIA 1) objects enter our atmosphere every rush 0 most of these are burned out at a distance of km above the Earths surface. These objects are commonly traveling around 11-km/ second. At such speeds, the atmosphere acts like a brick wall. If an object enters at a shallow angle, it may skip like a stone being skipped across a pond and fly back out to space -Early in Earths history, our planet probably suffered on our planetary neighbors like Mercury.The evidence of this early bombardment is missing on Earth due to processes of corroding and active plate tectonics. -Until recently (sasss) the possibility of impact on Earths surface was regarded as improbable. -Craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona and even the craters on the non were held by some to represent extinct volcanoes and not impact craters at all. U. Describe some of the features and processes of crater formation. Gene Shoemaker was to change this view by studying feat ures such as the material thrown out of a crater (ejects), shocked quartz, and chemical anomalies, which demonstrated extra-terrestrial origins for these features. -With the aid of satellite imagery, we are now beginning to identify more craters on the surface of our planet. V. Provide examples of Canadian Impact Craters. -Manicuring impact crater (Northern Quebec) formed about 214 Ma in the Late Triassic. It is km in diameter but was probably as wide as km before glacial erosion stripped absent the upper levels. This impact even is thought to be associated with 4 others including Saint Martin Crater (Manitoba) 40 km in diameter and Architecture Crater (France) 25 km in diameter. -When the continents are reassembled into their locations during the late Triassic all these craters line up along 22. 8 degrees North latitude over a distance of 462 km. -It is thought that this almost improbable alignment may actually represent a fragmented body that generated several impacts. It is i nteresting to note that although the effects of this impact would have been severe, it is not associated with a major mass extinction event W. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Rap and Sheepskin. -They analyzed the number of mass extinctions during the Phonetics and reason out that every 25 million years there was severe stress on the biosphere, sometimes associated with a mass extinction event -There is no known terrestrial geological process that could cause this frequency of problems for the biosphere.So it was suggested that an extraterrestrial source may be to blame 0 comets in the Root cloud were cited as being the most likely culprit -Rap and Sheepskins hypothesis suggests that every 25-26 million years, something shifts the Root cloud, which causes some comets to fall in towards the Sun and a possible impact with the Earth 0 for this to work, we need to identify a gravity source that can cause disturbances in the cloud on a regular 25 million year basis 1) Nemesis Compan ion Star This hypothesis proposes that our Sun has a companion star way beyond the outer limits of our Solar System whose orbit brings it close to the Root cloud every 25 million years.The gravitational effects of this close pass could cause comets to fall into the knowledgeable Solar System. If this body was a red dwarf star or even a black hole, it might be difficult to detect, but even though powerful telescopes such as Hubble have the Nemesis hypothesis, this has an astronomical body (Planet X) that causes shifts in the Root cloud as it orbits around the Sun. In this case, the body y is a planet lying within the bounds of the Root cloud but outside the Keeper belt. Again, no evidence of such a planet has been found. 3) Movement Through the Galactic Plane In the same way that our planet orbits the Sun, so our Solar System orbits around the center of the milky Way Galaxy.Galaxies are not Just flat pancakes of stars, they also have thickness -In addition to traveling around our ga laxy, our Solar System is also sorrowful up and down through it, Every 25-26 million years we pass through the densest part of the galaxy, which contains a higher number of stars and also the most gravitational effects. It is proposed that it is this movement through the dense part of the galactic plane that is responsible for the shifts in the Root cloud and thereby a potential impact related biosphere crisis every 25 million years or so. X. List and describe some recent impacts and near misses. ) Tunas, Siberia None 30, 1908) A large explosion about km above the surface attributed to an extraterrestrial object breaking up I the atmosphere (which is why no crater was found).Fortunately, the area was not populate but people and horses km away were knocked off their feet. The shock wave from the blast traveled around the Earth twice. -In Scotland and Sweden, a light appeared in the sky so bright that you could read books at am without the aid of artificial light. It has been suggest ed that this might have been a fragment of comet Neck, which was passing close by the Earth at hat time -Over 80 million trees were knocked over covering an area about kamala (compare the area of the Tunas devastation to that of the area occupied by Washington, D. C. ) 2) Asteroid near misses 1989, 1996, 2009, 2011 -March 22, 1989 A mm asteroid misses Earth by 6 hours.

Hiv In Manipur India Health And Social Care Essay

Despite the f bit that human immunodeficiency virus/ help has be coiffure a serious popular wellness job in Manipur for the give way decennaries impacting people of all societal groups, the knowledge and understanding degree of the everyday population is oft marred by misconceptions winning to the marginalisation of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and PLHAs. This article is based on pro bulky fieldwork carried tabu in deuce territories of Manipur viz Imphal and Chandel in the twelvemonth two hundred8 with the purpose to measure cognition and understanding degree of the general population sing human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, their bearing towards PLHAs and to unearth the myth, smell and patterns related to human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS which might exposed them to HIV infection. A sum of 200 respondents i.e. 100 respondents from each territory dwelling of equal word form of priapic and egg-producing(prenominal) from the general po pulation were interviewed for the imprisoned.Knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and pattern towards HIV/AIDS in Manipur, India a cross sectional watch over.HIV/AIDS has spread like wildfire since its first sensing in 1981and has claimed 1000000s of lives across the universe. Harmonizing to the UNAID study, there were 33 trillion people populating with HIV, 2.7 million people were freshly infected with HIV and 2.0 million people died of AIDS in the twelvemonth 2007 al superstar ( UNAID study, 2007 ) . The spread of HIV/AIDS continues to intensify with every passing twelvemonth despite attempts to control it by the states across the continents. AIDS continues to be one of the slayer sicknesss of the twenty-first century without all remedy so far. It knows no societal, gender, caste and geographical boundary thereby impacting people from all walks of life immature and quondam(a), rich and hap slight, male and feminine, and cutting across antithetical states of the universe.In Ind ia, HIV/AIDS has become one of the approximately ambitious public wellness jobs. The first HIV/AIDS instance in India was detected in 1986 at CMC, Vellore, from livestock samples askn from commercial conjure up workers in Madras. Since so, it has spread heterogeneously and steadily to all the early(a) States and Union districts. India is now, the 3rd largest HIV/AIDS touch state in the universe and remains the largest in Asia ( NACO, 2007 ) . The entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHAs ) in India in 2007 was estimated to be 2.31 million ( 1.8-2.9 million ) . Out of this, 39 % of PLHAs are estimated to be womanlys ( Technical brief, NACO, 2007 ) . Hetero depend onual is s savings bank the prevailing appearance of HIV transmittal in India. However, the transmittal form of HIV in India is uneven with southern provinces describing much of heterosexual transmittal than the northern provinces. In the north eastern provinces, it is a combination of both(prenomin al) shooting medicate users and unprotected sex.Six provinces in India reported high HIV preponderance of more than 1 % among female parents go toing ante-natal clinic. Manipur is one such(prenominal) six provinces overly Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Nagaland. With barely 0.2 % of the state s entire population, yet lending about 8 % of India s entire HIV positive instances, AIDS has emerged as a new and serious public wellness exigency in Manipur.Though the major transmittal path in Manipur still remains by shooting do do drugss users ( IDUs ) , sexual transmittal is non far behind. A recent one-year lookout surveillance study ( NACO, 2006 ) revealed that HIV prevalence among IDUs has well come down over the old come ons but Manipur still has HIV prevalence of IDUs above 10 % . The rapid addition in HIV transmittal through insecure sex in the province in recent times is extremely refering. The prevalence of HIV among female sex workers ( FSW ) in Ma nipur is 13.07 % , haping just to Maharashtra ( 17.9 % ) and among work forces exerting sex with work forces ( MSM ) is 16.4 % . ( HIV sentinel surveillance/technical brief, NACO ) . Vertical transmittal of HIV infection from hubby to get hook up with monogamous married woman in Manipur is deriving impulse over the last a couple of(prenominal) old progresss with a study of more than 1 % prevalence of HIV among female parents go toing prenatal clinic.HIV/AIDS is progressively acute every bed of societal strata making even to the remotest republic in Manipur. Negi K.S et.al ( 2006 ) in their survey observed that most of the persons in community do non generate correct and round out reading about HIV/AIDS and its bar. The up-to-the-minute study of Manipur State AIDS Control Society ( MSACS ) revealed that Manipur has 40,000 HIV positive reported instances among the general population. HIV/AIDS has therefore, go a serious public wellness job in Manipur, impacting people from all societal strata. Therefore, maintaining the widespread job of HIV in head, the present survey has been planned to measure the cognition and apprehension of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs and to unearth the myth, printing and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might expose them to HIV infection.Material and methodsThis was a cross-section and experimental survey carried out in two territories of Manipur viz Chandel and Imphal from June 2008 till mid-November 2008. A sum of 200 respondents consisting of 100 respondents each from two sub-divisions i. vitamin E Lamphelpat in Imphal West and Chandel in Chandel territories, were contacted in their place and interviewed. The respondents who were at least 18 old suppurates of age and above were indiscriminately selected and interviewed after(prenominal) taking their informed consent. enough Numberss of male and female respondents from both the territories were selected for the intent. A pre-test ed fountainheadnaire consisting of points on socio-demographic background, cognition, attitude, behaviour and pattern of HIV/AIDS was apply for roll uping informations from each of the respondents. The interview though, based on the questionnaire was a combination of closed and open-ended, and the interview was carried out in free flowing mode where respondents revealed beyond what is being asked. This was supplemented by participant observation.Imphal is the capital metropolis of Manipur and lies at the bosom of the province. It is a commercial and polish official hub of the province. There are different communities populating in Imphal, the majority of which is constituted by the Meitei community followed by Muslims, different tribal groups, and non-Manipuri migrators. Imphal territory being the capital metropolis holds an border over other territories and has the best wellness attention installations available in the province. Besides that, it is in any case place to many ape x authorities and non-government offices including assorted NGOs working for the public assistance of HIV/AIDS in the province. It withal has an border over other territories in footings of sub mental synthesis, conveyance and communicating, educational establishments, etc. Imphal is divided into two districts-east and west. The country of the survey was in located in Lamphelpat sub-division of Imphal-west territory. This sub-division is the most thickly populated country ( 2001 nose count ) in Imphal West. Majority of the people in Lamphelpat follow Hinduism, Muslim, Meitei Sanamahi and Christianity.Another country of the survey is Chandel territory, situated on the southern portion of Manipur 64km off from Imphal metropolis. It is inhabited by scheduled folks preponderantly belonging to the Naga cultural group followed by folks belonging to Kuki/Zou cultural groups. There is alike a minor population of non-tribal communities belonging to Meitei, Muslim and non-Manipuri migrator s. The field survey was carried out in the territory headquarter of Chandel sub-division where the survey population comprises of different Naga folk. Christianity is the dominant trustfulness practiced among the tribal population of Chandel sub-division.Datas analysisData was entered in SPSS-Pc version 11.5/15 ( Check ) . Data was expressed in per centums and comparings amidst the groups were done utilizing Chi-square attempt. Unpairedt trial was performed for happening out passings between groups for quantitative variables. p value less than 0.05 was considered alpha.ConsequencesDemographic profile of the survey populationA sum of 200 respondents from both Imphal and Chandel territories were interviewed utilizing the enclose KABP questionnaires. There were 100 respondents from each of the territory consisting of 50 male and 50 female. The respondents in Chandel belonged to the tribal population of the Nagas while that of Imphal belonged to the Meiteis.The respondents belon ging to different age groups were maximum for 18-30 ( 45.5 % ) , 31-40 ( 29 % ) , 41-50 ( 16 % ) , 51-60 97 % ) and 61-above ( 2.5 % ) in spending order.In footings of matrimonial position, the respondents comprises largely of married work forces ( 54 % ) and adult female ( 61 % ) , followed by single work forces ( 44 % ) and adult females ( 34 % ) .The educational position of the respondents in Imphal countries largely studied till secondary ( 33 % ) or up to alumnuss ( 33 % ) while in Chandel, most of the respondents studied till secondary ( 30 ) . Gender wise, male respondents were put up to be more educated than female. At least 39 % respondents in Chandel were either illiterate or maintain primary learning as against 5 % respondents in Imphal. Overall, most respondents studied till secondary ( 31.5 ) followed by alumnuss ( 29 % ) .In footings of business, mint of the respondents were unemployed ( 28 % ) . Majority of female respondents were housewife ( 21.5 % ) . Employmen t position of the respondents was seen to be more ( 17 % ) in Imphal than in Chandel ( 7 % ) . Most of the respondents in Imphal comprise of unemployed ( 32 % ) , followed by those employed ( 17 % ) while in Chandel, homemaker ( 29 % ) and pupils ( 26 % ) constitute the majority of the respondents.With regard to faith, 71 % respondents in Imphal follow Hinduism, 25 % Meitei Sanamahi, 3 % Christianity and 1 % other faith. As compared to this, all the respondents in Chandel follow Christianity.FindingssCognition From the survey, it was tack together that except for one respondent from Chandel, all the other respondents in both the survey countries have comprehend of AIDS. On far question about what AIDS disease was, bulk of them could non give correct retort. Merely 5 % respondents in Imphal and 6 % respondents in Chandel gave chasten reply to this. Male respondents ( 8 % ) were somewhat cognize about what AIDS disease was than female respondents ( 3 % ) .With regard to the inqui ry on what is HIV? 17 % respondents in Imphal gave right reply as against 22 % right reply in Chandel. Gender wise, the figure of male respondents ( 32 % ) with right response was extremely historic ( p & lt 0.000 ) than female respondents ( 7 % ) . 57 % respondents from Imphal and 47 % respondents in Chandel knew about the expiration between HIV and AIDS. A important difference ( p & lt 0.001 ) was observed between the two genders as male respondents ( 65 % ) who gave right response was significantly higher(prenominal) than female respondents ( 39 % ) .Sing the etiology of HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents from both the countries i.e. 69.5 % were knowing about the causative agent for HIV. The staying figure of respondents had misconceptions. A important difference of P & lt .020 and ( P & lt .006 ) was observed in Imphal and Chandel severally in this facet.Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt 90 % from Imphal and Chandel had right cognit ion about it when it concerns agitating custodies, infected blood transfusion, sharing towels, unprotected sex, coughing/sneezing, and sharing pestiferous acerate leaf. & gt 75 % had right cognition on mosquito bite, kissing/ hug, and infected female parent to child. A important difference of P & lt 0.022 was noted in Imphal with regard to sharing of towels while in Chandel, a important difference of P & lt 0.001, P & lt 0.005, P & lt 0.001 was observed with regard to mosquito bite, sharing of towels, and kissing/hugging severally.The response on the cognition of common symptoms of HIV/AIDS was met with 93 % and 87 % respondents mentioning weight loss and loss of complexion/appetite as the most common symptoms severally of PLHAs. Respondents as well considered fever/cough ( 79 % ) , diarrhoea ( 74.5 % ) , OI like T.B/cancer ( 74 % ) , roseola on the tegument ( 73 % ) and bump in inguens ( 71 % ) in falling orders as other symptoms of PLHAs.On the beginnings of information on HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt 90 % from Imphal country have peck media like Television ( topical anesthetic channel ) , wireless, newspaper street dramas, as their pass beginning. Another, 72-88 % reported NGOs , and a negligible 18-4 % reported church as their chief beginnings of information. No important difference was observed in imphal. In contrast, Chandel reported high per centum i.e. a?84 % of respondents acquiring information from church, and NGOs. A important difference of response i.e P & lt 0.037, P & lt 0.002, P & lt 0.001 and p & lt 0.013 in the beginnings of information was noted in wireless, telecasting, newspaper and NGOs.AttitudeThe survey found that bulk of the respondents from both the survey countries i.e. 53.3 % were strongly in privilege of the attitudinal statements that HIV/AIDS is a penalty of God for bad behaviour. A important difference ( p & lt 0.012 ) was observed in Chandel as female respondents ( 68 % ) were extremely in cho ose of the statement than their male opposite numbers ( 42 % ) .83.5 % and 91.5 % respondents anyhow considered HIV/AIDS as a job chiefly associated with flagitious behaviour and shooting drug users ( IDU ) severally. No important difference was observed in the above statements. Respondents ( 71.5 % ) in any case conjecture that PLHA should non acquire married. A important difference P & lt 0.005 was observed in chandel with regard to this response. A humongous 94.5 % besides expressed their concern for compulsory HIV proving prior to marriage while 85 % respondents voiced the demand for separate wellness Centre for PLHAs.46.5 % respondents said PLHAs should be isolated to forestall farther transmittal while 46 % respondents said they would non wish to mix with PLHAs. A important difference of P & lt 0.047 and 0.002 severally was noted in the above statements in chandel.67.5 % respondents besides said they would experience ashamed if they were infected with HIV/AIDS and 39.5 % respondents agreed that PLHAs should non be operated for any surgical job. A important difference with regard to these statements was seen at P & lt 0.023 and p & lt 0.002 severally among male and female respondents of chandel.As respects to pre-marital sex, merely mere 16 % respondents had no issue while the bulks were non in favour of it. There was a important difference of P & lt 0.040 in the response among male and female respondents in chandel.76.5 % respondents strongly believed that PLHAs are destined to decease Oklahoman or subsequently. No important difference was observed in both the two survey sites. However, when it comes to learning school kids about safer sex, whacking 96.5 % respondents agreed to it with no important difference seen in the response in both the two survey country.Sing corporate duty of the society to care for PLHAs, 84 % respondents were in favour of it. However, a important difference of P & lt 0.006 was noted merely in respondents of chandel.Beh aviors and Practices The general mean age for the oncoming of sex was 23.37A5.73. However, it was noted that respondents in Chandel ( 20.21A4.08 ) had prior onset of sexual intercourse than those in Imphal ( 27.36A4.99 ) . Out of 200 respondents, a sum of 113 respondents responded to this inquiry of age at first sexual brush. Education was found to be straight relative to the oncoming of sex. Less educated respondents had earlier onset of sex than those educated 1s.The mean for age at spousal relationship was 25.51A5.64 and instruction was found to hold some influence on the age of matrimony every bit good. Less educated respondents marry earlier than those educated 1s. A important difference was observed in the age of matrimony among female respondents from Chandel as the trigger of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( 20.42A41 ) .From the analysis, it was found that few or more respondents were found to hold hazardous behaviour susceptible to HIV infection. 7.5 % respondents admitted holding been exposed to blood transfusion for assorted medical jobs. 41 % said their organic structures have been injured by crisp objects such as blade/knife. The response to the last mentioned statement was favourably high in chandel & gt 53 % . However, no important difference was observed.Negligible male respondents i.e. 3.5 % revealed to hold used opprobrious drugs such as intoxicant, diacetylmorphine, drugs, etc. No female was found utilizing opprobrious drugs. 62 % admitted being physically involved with their spouse i.e. either with partner of non-regular sexual spouse. Here, a important difference of P & lt 0.002 was observed in imphal with more male acknowledging to it. Another 10.5 % consisting largely of male respondents were found to be indulging in sex with non-regular spouse. A important difference of P & lt 0.018 in imphal and P & lt 0.001 in chandel was observed.With regard to utilize of rubber in sex either with regular ( partner ) or non -regular sexual spouses, 18.5 % respondents said they used it systematically. In chandel, a important difference of P & lt 0.004 was noted with male respondents utilizing rubber in sex.17 % respondents of the married gallus used household planning of any signifier. 40.5 % respondents consisting largely of male respondents said they have attended awareness camps/programmes on HIV/AIDS. A important difference of P & lt 0.014 and p & lt 0.011 in imphal and chandel severally, was observed.It was besides noted that 34 % respondents had done HIV proving at least one time in their life. Another 39 % respondents showed their willingness to travel for HIV proving if necessary. More male respondents were seen to demo willingness to travel for HIV proving. A important difference was observed in both the survey countries i.e. P & lt 0.007 in chandel and P & lt 0.035 in chandel.Another 28 % respondents said they would delegate specific utensils if anyone in their household was infected wit h the virus. No important difference was seen here. 16 % respondents besides admit that people do insult/tease people with the virus. A important difference of P & lt 0.001 was observed as really less female respondents in chandel admit to PLHAs being teased/insulted. Another 50.5 % besides said spiritual places are usually denied to PLHAs which is considered baronial place. The response from female respondents was more and a really high important difference of P & lt 0.000 was observed between the two genders in chandel.DiscussionThe present survey revealed that though all the respondents heard about AIDS, many of them did non cognize what AIDS precisely was. For most respondents, AIDS was normally synonymous with sexual promiscuousness, im clean behaviour and shooting drug users. This belief was chiefly propounded by the fact that most PLHAs in the survey countries were believed to be associated with at least one of the above founts. Similar findings were reported by Viser MJ et.al, 2006 metalworker DJ. 2004.When it comes to HIV, really few respondents had right cognition about it despite the fact that AIDS has become a dining table talk . Out of the few respondents that have right cognition on HIV, male respondents were more. This whitethorn be due to the fact that the overall educational position of male respondents was somewhat higher than their female opposite numbers. The other ground could be because male members of the society are more outgoing, hence are more updated about their societal surround through media beginnings like newspaper and magazines.Majority of the respondents besides could non province the difference between HIV and AIDS. It was interesting to observe that some respondents had wholly different idea approximately HIV as a separate disease non related to AIDS at all. galore(postnominal) of them were still incognizant of the term HIV when used in isolation from AIDS. It was found that HIV and AIDS were frequently times used tog ether without truly understanding the difference between the two. Respondents from Imphal were found to hold somewhat better cognition about HIV than respondents from Chandel. This could be due to the fact that unlike respondents from Imphal, respondents in Chandel had less or no entree to media such as newspapers, local channel, and street dramas, etc whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out at regular intervals.Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents had right cognition about it particularly refering to the four primary manner of transmittal i.e. through insecure sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing septic spray and female parent to child transmittal. However, few respondents had misconceptions when it comes to transmission through mosquito bite, agitating custodies, sharing towel, coughing or sneeze, and kissing/hugging. These misconceptions is chiefly to make with the bogus beliefs that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through any blood merchandise and o rganic structure fluids ( workout suits ) and as such any amour that makes direct contact with the blood as in the instance of mosquito or organic structure fluid is considered hazardous. Therefore, there is pressing necessity to sensitise decently the general population about the right manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal. Similar findings in the line of deficiency of proper sensitization/education on HIV/AIDS taking to misconceptions, was besides reported by Hartwig K.A et.al 2006. As was observed in the analysis, many of the respondents from chandel particularly female respondents tend to trust on information obtained from local chitchats, which are frequently times marred by hyperboles and misconceptions responsible for stigmatization and favoritism of PLHAs and the disease HIV/AIDS.The misconceptions refering to HIV/AIDS was closely related to the ways through which information about the disease is obtained. Respondents from Imphal had mass media like local channel ( T.V ) , and new spaper, etc as their chief beginning of information whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out by dependable beginnings whereas, in Chandel, media put to work was negligible. This could be explained on the footing of unavailability to local channel ( T.V ) and newspaper. In Chandel where cent per centum of the respondents are Christians, church act as one of the major beginnings for distributing information/knowledge on HIV/AIDS. It was found during participant observation that non all church leaders were decently skilful nor good equipped with information on HIV/AIDS yet many of the church leaders did non waver to reprobate HIV/AIDS as a shameful, ugly and fatal disease fated to bechance upon promiscuous and immoral mortal in the society. So, church members were encouraged to pattern abstention from sex boulder clay matrimony and be in sync with the scriptural moral rule so as to avoid HIV/AIDS disease. This could be one of the grounds why stigmatisation of PLHAs was more terrible in Chandel than in imphal.It is besides interesting to observe that female members of the society in both the survey country were found to be social witting i.e. what society thinks and were more prone to take part in and trust on local chitchats which is largely influenced by socio-cultural feelings than medical truth. Therefore, it is non surprising that more figure of female respondents had scruples on HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation towards PLHAs.Another interesting thing to note was in the manner how people perceived PLHAs. Knowledge on the symptoms of HIV/AIDS patients revealed that many of the respondents considered loss of weight and skin color, organic structure roseola, etc as the major symptoms of HIV/AIDS. This cognition purportedly comes from the cultural belief that most PLHAs in the survey country physically exhibit such symptoms. However, woolly-headed of weight and skin color is non medically sole to PLHAs and as such, if non decently sensitized on this, it will tak e to the incorrect premise that anybody with weight disjointed or skin color who may non need full moony be infected with HIV/AIDS have a strong potency, if non already, to be stereotyped and marginalized as PLHAs .Data besides shows that a monolithic figure of respondents still see HIV/AIDS as immoral disease or diseases of shooting drug users. A big figure of respondents from chandel besides considered HIV/AIDS as penalty of God for bad behaviour. This belief as analyzed was chiefly influenced by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted i.e. through insecure sex and sharing of septic panpipes. It may be mentioned here that sexual promiscuousness and shooting drug users are culturally viewed in the society as fallen or immoral individual in both the survey country and as such, anybody practising any of the said behaviour are by and large considered immoral and therefore, stigmatized. This could be one of the chief grounds why HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatized since it is believed to be l argely associated with people of low morality or whose moral characters are questionable in the society. Notwithstanding the fact that many guiltless female PLHAs may acquire infected through their partner or some could hold been infected through inadvertent blood transfusion, PLHAs are by and large regarded as wayward in the eyes of the society and as such, are stigmatized. The other grounds stated for HIV/AIDS being considered as the most stigmatized disease is besides because of the nature in which PLHAs, at an advanced phase of the disease, died an ugly decease, physically looking awfully haggard with skeletal like build and complete loss of one s natural skin color and medically, from multiple timeserving infections. However, the physical perceptual experience may non ever be consecutive for all PLHAs.Another noteworthy observation made in both the society was refering to the prevalence of gender disparity when it comes to morality and promiscuousness. Culturally, sexual prom iscuousness and immoral behaviour such as drug and intoxicant maltreatment, or waywardness are tabooed yet society tends to be more tolerant towards male members than female. It is an unfastened cloak-and-dagger for male members in the society to be accepted more readily than female despite go againsting unsanctioned societal norms. This explains why many of the female respondents expressed that they would experience abashed if infected with HIV/AIDS, a disease symbolic of immoral behaviour. This determination is in conformance with the findings of Smith DJ, 2004.A dissension between cognition and behavior/practice of the people towards PLHA was besides observed. Though most respondents demuring few were cognizant about the primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, they admitted to hold maintained some distance or reserve in mixing with PLHAs despite cognizing good that making so will in no manner put them at hazards. Gray LA and Marle S, 1991 reported similar observations. This co uld likely be a instance of utmost cultural stigmatisation of PLHAs in general whereby common people fear the stigma of being stereotyped by tie ining with PLHAs.Respondents besides expressed the feeling that PLHAs should hold separate wellness Centre on the land that it will be safer for both the infected and non-infected population as they could non swear the instruments of wellness attention Centre to be to the full safe from HIV infection. Majority of the respondents besides viewed that PLHAs should neither acquire married nor have kids as making so will merely increased the figure of PLHAs who in all chance will merely populate to endure and died a agonizing decease. However, few people were of the position that every bit long as PLHAs marry amongst themselves, that should non be a job.Since HIV/AIDS is a extremely stigmatized disease bulk of the respondents expressed the demand for mandatory HIV proving between twosomes prior to marriage so as to avoid a day of reckoning here after as was put in by many respondents. This is because of the belief that HIV/AIDS is a catching and an incurable disease which when infected will invalid and shorten the life span of the individual concern. As one respondent said one time you get infected with HIV/AIDS, it is for supports and you can non run off from it kind of you ll decease with and by it . The stigmatisation towards PLHAs is besides revealed in that the general populations tend to hold negatively preconceived impression about anyone infected with HIV/AIDS even if that individual happens to be virtuously well behaved.Despite holding negative perceptual experiences about HIV/AIDS, when it comes to corporate duty of the people towards PLHAs, bulk of the respondents from both the countries expressed their sense of taking duty to care for PLHAs. However, the cogency of this statement may non defy societal stigma as disagreement between cognition and pattern has been discussed in old statements. One of the ground s for having such duty could be due to the humanist side of adult male underlining other negative feelings. The humane nature is highlighted farther when the respondents said PLHAs should seek medical aid at the earliest with a cautiousness that all patients seeking surgery should be exhaustively tested for HIV/AIDS.Prenuptial or extra-marital sex was non favored by many and more so in Imphal. Respondents in Imphal were somewhat more reserved about sex than those from Chandel. In Imphal country, prenuptial and adulterous sex was seen more as societal tabu while in Chandel it was more to make with the misdemeanor of scriptural moral rule besides it being considered socio-cultural tabu as good. Few respondents largely male, had impersonal position on this, stating it was a affair of personal pick. It may besides be mentioned here that by and large people have reserves about discoursing sex and gender in the unfastened or in public because of the cultural upbringing whereby treatment o f sex or gender is confined to or between married twosome. A survey by Goyal RC, et al 1994 Hartwig KA et.al, 2006 besides reported similar findings on the reserve of openly discoursing sex and gender.Another interesting characteristic noted in this survey was the induction of sex for both male and female and the age at matrimony. The overall average age for the induction of sex was 23.37A5.73 old ages. The overall average age at matrimony observed in the survey was 23.04A5.22 and 28.65A4.52 old ages for both female and male severally. The average age at matrimony in the survey site was found to be above the legal age at matrimony in India which is 18 for female and 20 one for male. Here, instruction is seen to play an of import function in detaining induction of sex and age at matrimony. A important difference was observed in the age at matrimony among female respondents from Chandel where the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( average 20.42A4.1 old a ges ) . This may be because female respondents largely in-between age in Chandel had small or no instruction at all. Besides instruction, cultural upbringing is besides seen to hold indirect impact on the age at matrimony. The patriarchal construction of the society in both the survey country is such that male members of the household are given penchants over female in any affairs as it is through male line that coevals of the household is continued.Analysis of sexual behaviour and patterns besides revealed that most of the respondents who do non see themselves at being hazard to HIV infection were in fact, practising hazardous sexual behaviour. Quite a figure of respondents admitted practising insecure sex in spite of appearance and away matrimony. Though, sexual relation outside matrimony is a socio-cultural tabu, yet it is non purely upheld. Theoretically and culturally, bulk of respondents were non in favour of sexual relation outside of matrimony. However, during the survey, it was found that such cultural apprehension of sexual tabu did non truly forestall some of them from indulging into it as was admitted by few respondents. The sexual behaviors/practices of male respondents were at higher hazard for HIV infection than female respondents. This could be due to the prevalence of gender disparity in the societal set up whereby society is more tolerant towards male promiscuousness and immoral behaviour than that of female. As such, female respondents from both the country were more reserved for the obvious frighten of shame and incurring stigma. Therefore, none of the female respondents from Imphal admitted to hold indulged in extra-marital matter while in Chandel, a negligible figure of them reluctantly admitted indulging to it after initial equivocation. Male respondents were relatively found to be more blunt and unfastened about their indulgence in sexual relationships in and outside of matrimony.For those respondents who admitted to hold engaged in tabooed sexual relation, really less figure of them admitted utilizing rubber systematically. Here, it may be noted that despite many of them accepting rubber as a good option for safer sex, it is non being used systematically on the land that rubbers do non give full sexual satisfaction. The ground given to explicate was that culturally rubber is stigmatized and is considered meant for sexually promiscuous people. Condoms are besides believed to hold inauspicious consequence on adult females wellness and as such drill of it, in most cases is sooner ruled out. In instance of married twosome, wont of rubber is considered non a necessity as the socio-cultural significance of matrimony is for the intent of reproduction and sexual fulfilment. Therefore, usage of rubber is merely taken as blockading the really intent of matrimony. This is one of the grounds why some respondents who admitted of fall backing to household planning preferable preventive pills. A survey carried out in ru ral Lebanon by Kulczycki A, 2004, reported similar findings on the usage of rubber and the stigma attached to it.It was besides observed that some of the participants had undergone blood transfusion for either medical or surgical grounds, increasing the opportunities of HIV transmittal. Many respondents were willing to accept PLHAs and even take duty for them but this is contradicted by the admittance that they would non needfully desire PLHAs to be neither a resource individual for any socio-religious event nor a spiritual figure in the society because harmonizing to the local people, a spiritual figure should be person whose moral character does non offend the normative moral Torahs of the society whereas in the instance of PLHAs, their moral character is ever questioned and as such can non keep a spiritual place unless the individual in inquiry unfeignedly repents and take a repentant, reform life.Decision From the analysis of the present survey, it can be concluded that false so cio-cultural impression of HIV/AIDS as a morally corrupting disease is taking precedency over medical facts, taking later to stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs in the society. The survey revealed that although bulk of the respondents have high cognition about the four primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, such cognition are frequently times marred by socio-cultural misconceptions. It can besides be inferred that behaviour of the people are greatly influenced by cultural beliefs instead than by medical facts. Therefore, incompatibility is observed between high cognition about the four primary paths by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted on one manus and high negative attitude towards PLHAs on the other manus. Local chitchats which are largely diluted with cultural misconceptions act as the express medium for the extension of intelligence on HIV/AIDS. Church elders/leaders particularly in chandel have strong influenced on people s attitude towards PLHAs. This could be one of the grou nds why despite attempts from NGOs to educate people on HIV/AIDS, the disease is fast distributing in the survey country.Therefore, proper sensitising of the people about HIV/AIDS along the socio-cultural line is the demand of the hr in order to take several misconceptions which are responsible for the marginalisation of PLHAs. It is besides suggested that spiritual leaders should be given particular attending when sing of leaving proper instruction on HIV/AIDS in order that their influence on people may chase away cultural misconceptions taking to stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS. The survey besides may effort that stigmatisation of the disease was one of the root causes for the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country as fright of societal stigma and shame have discouraged many PLHAs to come out in the unfastened about their position thereby jeopardizing others in the procedure as such PLHAs continued to take a normal sexual life.RecognitionThis research is financed by UGC under the strategy of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for ST/SC pupils to prosecute M.Phil/Ph.Daaaaaa..

Court Issues Analysis

Court Issues Analysis Michelle Capps CJA/394 October 29, 2012 Troy Hokanson Court Issues Analysis Todays outlaw justice brass has come a long way from when it first was established, but with no question in that respect is still much work that need to be done. The juvenile justice system needs to work at making sure that the juveniles get a better and faster justice process. The count of the juvenile justice system and the effectiveness of it remains a huge controversy in debates. The bulge of language interpretation is another of many issues causing a stir in the justice system.With wholly of the immigrants and people who do not speak English that come through the justice system there needs to proper interpretation so they sack eat a fair and unbiased trial. This would completelyow them to understand their charges and what could happen to them during trial. Then there is the issue of victims right fields and making sure that they be not creation left out in the cold and over looked more than the rancidender. All of these issues could be monitored better or ever fix if there is a strong world in the solicitude that runs the coquet system.Communication between all parts of the flagitious justice system would catch situations that may arise. Current and approaching Trends Facing Courts and Administration There are many issues facing the criminal court system and the administrators today. One problem is the juvenile court system and if it should be done away with. This debate is ongoing, and looks to have no end in sight. Juvenile courts are nothing bid the original concept that was formed years ago. Juvenile court was intended to back up the young offenders get their lives back on the right track, but today they focus on harsh punishment instead of rehabilitation.The question do juveniles get the due process they are entitled to is a main subject beingness debated. When juveniles are arrested they do not receive bail, trial by jury, or the right to a speedy trial like an adult. This is where the question comes into play are they being treated fairly? The debate of keeping a juvenile court system running is still being talked about today, and the biggest concern is the cost of running the court system. The cost is extensive and this is the main reason people believe it should be done away with all together.Another problem with the juvenile court system is the use of the waiver, because this is damaging to the integrity of the juvenile court system. The system sacrifices the juveniles that are seen as adults in order to observe what are seen as true juveniles. If the line of criminal and juvenile courts were to be abolished accordingly the youth advocates could focus more on ensuring the youth get a better and quicker defense (Can We Do Without Juvenile umpire, Criminal Justice Magazine, Volume 15, number 1, 2000). In the future there moldiness be more focus on having a better juvenile justice system.One factor that could be looked at to improve the juvenile system would be blended sentencing. This would allow judges to impose juvenile and adult sentencing at the same time. This would allow juveniles to see what would happen if they did not follow the rules of their juvenile sentencing, and could deter them from becoming a repeat offender (What of the Future? Envisioning an Effective Juvenile Court, Criminal Justice Magazine, Volume 15, Number 1, 2000). Case overloads are another problem that occurs in the criminal justice system.Public defenders are overloaded with way to many cases and have very little if any resources to turn to that provide allow them to provide a good defense for their client. Having to many cases often makes them ask the judge for more time to prepare for their case and this causes the courts to be edit on hold. This does not allow an offender to a fair speedy trial and cost the court more money if they keep putting the cases off to a later date. This problem could be eliminated if there was better case management in the justice system. Many people believe that the judge holds all the power but this is not true.The prosecutor really holds all the cards, because he decides if a case go to trial not the judge. This is where better management would help out with how cases are handled. With a strong management base then the system would run better because everyone involved in the cases that are seen would know more about what is going on. Communication is the main key to having a strong management base in the system. If the judge, prosecutor, and defense all communicate on the cases then they could move forward faster and have a better outcome. Interpretation Services Among the nations most significant trends for the 1990s and the next degree Celsius are the interrelated ones of immigration and cultural diversity (National Center for State Courts, 2012). The estimated number of non-English speaking people in the United States was nearly 32 billion in 1990. Diversity makes it difficult for the justice system to ensure the Constitutional Rights of the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the U. S. Constitution. Language barriers cause the offender to not know what is happening during their court proceedings.This is the main reason court interpretation is an issue for court management. Court interpretators are not qualified to work in a court room. This can lead to miscarriages of justice and wrongful convictions. In the future to help with this problem management needs to require that any person preforming court interpretation should have the minimum training requirements. A person being bilingual does not qualify a person to work as a court interpretator they essential also know the law and how to report word for word of the statements being made.If proper training and management are carried out then this problem could not exist (National Center for State Court, 2012). Victims Rights Victims rights are an important part of the criminal justice system. They ensure that the victims of crimes are protected from their offenders, and are allowed to follow their court cases from the line till the end. They allow the victim to know when their offender is set out on bail and allowed to make a victims impact statement during the trial process. This bequeath allow the jury to see just how the crime has affected them and their family.In the future of victims rights could highly depend on marketing more victimization prevention devices. tribe want to come up protected and devices such as antitheft devices, alarm systems, license plate recognition, and surveillance cameras could do just that. The technology today makes people feel safer and they will buy devices such as these to protect themselves and their homes (Muraskin, R. &Roberts, A. R. , 2009). In conclusion, trying to solve many problems that are in the criminal justice could lead to a better running system.Making changes to the juvenile system so juveniles get a better outcome at their trial could lead to slight juvenile crimes. correctly training court interpretors will help non-English people understand their right during their court proceedings and lead to less misinterpretation in court. Ensuring victims rights are being followed will lead to a better understanding and trust between the community and police. New technologies made can put peace in a victims life that even police officers cant because they cannot be there every minute of every day but security devices can.Finally, better management in the criminal justice system will lead to an altogether better justice system. This will allow for smaller case loads and less postponed cases on the docket. Communication between all parties involved could lead to fast and better outcomes to many cases, and this will cut on cost and time. Management is the foundation of the justice system and if there is a crack in the foundation of anything in time it will crumble to the g round. References Can We Do Without Juvenile Justice? Criminal Justice Magazine, Volume 15, Number 1 1 (Spring 2000).Muraskin, R. & Roberts, A. R. (2009). Visions for Change Crime and justice in the Twenty-first Century (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall National Center for State Court. (2012). The Increasing Importance of Language Interpretation as a Management Problem in the Courts. www. ncsconline. org/ Publications/Res_ctlnte_ModelGuideChapter1Pub. pdf What of the Future? Envisioning an Effective Juvenile Court. Criminal Justice Magazine, Volume 15, Number1, (Spring 2000).

Cultural Relativism and Whistleblowing Essay

Explain using the ethics of ethnical relativism the advantages and disadvantages of whistle blowing Cultural relativism is the principle regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself (Chegg.com 2012). It is the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to an new(prenominal) and that honest and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture believes to be good or bad, right or wrong. In new(prenominal) words, right and wrong are culture-specific what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of ethics exists, no one has the right to judge another societys customs. According to Philosophy All About.org (2012) the view that the varied moral or ethical systems are all equally valid is based on the idea that there is no ultimate standard of good or evil so every judgment round right and wrong is a product of society. Therefore, any opinion on morality or ethics is subject to the cultural perspective of each person.Ultimately, this means that no moral or ethical system can be considered the best, or worst, and no particular moral or ethical position can actually be considered right or wrong. Cultural perspective therefore can help us understand why certain actions are considered right or wrong by a particular culture. The actions being referred to include the act of whistle blowing. Boatwright (2009 90) defines the act whistle blowing as the release of information by a member or former member of an organisation that is evidence of illegal and/or immoral conduct in the organisation or conduct in the organisation that is not in the public interest.Nadler and Schulman (2006) assert that whistle blowing is intricately linked to ethics in that it represents a persons understanding, at a deep level, that an action his or her organisation is taking is taking is harmful an d that it interferes with peoples rights or is cheating(prenominal) or detracts from the common good. The question therefore from a cultural relativism perspective is, through which cultures lens is the common good being viewed. If in the prevailing culture whistle blowing is a common and acceptable practice an atmosphere where the advantages of whistle blowing has been cultivated.According to Trimborn (2012) the most important of the advantages is that whistle-blowing often ends long-standing wrongdoing that would hold in otherwise continued. Organisations who encourage a whistle blowing culture, promote transparent structure and effective, clear communication. More importantly, whistle blowing can protect the make-ups clients. Trimborn (2012) cites the workout of a hospital employing a number of negligent staff members. Other, more ethically inclined, employees would need to bring such issues to the hospitals attention, protecting the organization from possible lawsuits or sev ere mishaps resulting in a patients demise. In the case of clear workplace violations of health and safety regulations, or offend of employment laws, workers are protected and their rights upheld. With regard to research or technical issues, whistle blowers may cite internal memos and other documentation to prove doubts existed about a product (such as a cover-up of certain medication dangers) or that false research results were knowingly published.Whistle-blowers often highlight safety concerns regarding cars or other products, thus protecting an unsuspecting public. Whistle-blowing upholds the law, protects many from the impact of wrongdoing, propounds the truth and prevents further wrongdoing. In cultures where whistle-blowing is frowned upon devastating consequences can be visited upon the whistle blower. Trimborn (2012) reveals some of whistle blowings negative repercussions. Firstly, it can bring termination of the whistle-blowers services by the organization. It would be d ifficult to remain, no matter how justifiable the decision to reveal illegalities and no matter how much the revelations would actually benefit others. Secondly, big-time revelations could bring down the organization causing everyone to lose their jobs.Thirdly, the whistle-blower can get stigmatized as unpatriotic and be discredited in some way. Fourthly, the organization and sometimes colleagues may exact some form of revenge on the whistle-blower in retribution. Thus, the whistle-blower is somehow blamed for the wrongdoing and fired without an opportunity for vindication. In communities, the whistle-blower and family may be subject to hostile treatment, viewed as acting out of self-concern with a view to gaining advancement at others expense.In conclusion, unless culture, practice and the law indicate that it is safe and accepted for whistle-blowers to raise a genuine concern about corruption or illegality, workers will assume that they risk victimisation, losing their job or dam aging their career. They even risk being cast out or ostracised by the communities they emanate from. In cultures where a safety net for whistle-blowers exists the whistle-blower is marked as a person of integrity who has the backbone to do what is right no matter what. It lets others know the whistle-blower can be trusted to deal with others honestly. It also limits the effects of intimidation tactics designed to sway whistle-blowers from taking captivate action where necessary (Young 2007).